Human Systems - Respiration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Human Systems - Respiration - Essay Example It provides the energy needed by cells of the body. The following diagram shows the structure of the human respiratory system. The air then passes onto the interior of the nose called the Nasal Cavity/ Passage. It is lined with a sticky mucous membrane and contains tiny, surface hairs called cilia. The mucus and cilia collect dust, bacteria, and other particles in the air.   The mucus also helps in moistening the air.   Under the mucous membrane there are a large number of capillaries.   The blood within these capillaries helps to warm the air as it passes through the nose. Thus, the nasal cavity serves as a moistener, a filter, and to warm up  the air before it reaches the lungs. Then comes the Pharynx, or the throat, which is followed by the Larynx, which is the voice-box. There are two pairs of membranes that are stretched across the inside of the larynx called the vocal cords. When air is expired, these cords vibrate and by controlling these vibrations, one is able to produce different sounds. Also, epiglottis, a cartilaginous flap prevents food from entering the wind-pipe during swallowing. Both the pharynx and larynx form part of the respiratory tract. The larynx opens up into the Trachea, or the wind pipe. The trachea is a tube approximately 12 cm in length and 2.5 cm wide.   Rings of cartilage within its walls prevent it from collapsing during expiration. It is also covered with a ciliated mucous membrane, which keeps foreign particles and mucus out. The trachea divides into two cartilage-ringed tubes called Bronchi. Also lined with ciliated cells, they form the two main passages for entry of air into the lungs. After entering the lungs, the bronchi divide and spread in a tree-like manner into smaller tubes called Bronchial Tubes. The bronchial tubes divide and then subdivide, becoming thinner and having less and less cartilage in their walls.   Eventually, they become a tiny group of

Resume Cover Letter samples Essay Example for Free

Resume Cover Letter samples Essay Dear Mr. or Ms. Last Name: Your opening paragraph should briefly introduce you and your interest in the company. If you are aware of a specific position or opening, refer to it now. This paragraph should also be used to mention the names of individuals you have met from the company (e.g., at the EIS, company event or other networking event), or the individual who directed you to this person. Cite other research that prompted you to write, such as a recent article on the company or a positive networking interaction. The last line in this paragraph should give a summary statement of who you are and why you are a strong fit for the position. Your middle paragraph (or two) should consist of specific examples from your background that would be of greatest interest to the company and consequently create the â€Å"notion of fit.† Do not just make broad generalizations about your skill set – any assertions about your skills have to be backed up with specific examples of how/why you have developed those skills. Focus on your skills and accomplishments and how they could contribute to the company, but do not simply restate what is on your resume. Demonstrate that you know about the organization and the industry. If you are a career changer, it is essential to clearly state your transferable skills from previous experience that directly relates to the skills required in the position you are interested in. Your closing paragraph represents your summation and should outline the key next steps. For example, state  that you would like to discuss employment opportunities or other information with the person and that you plan on contacting them on a specific date. If the company has a specific position available, ask for an opportunity to interview. Thank the addressee for his or her time and consideration. Include your telephone and email address in case the cover letter gets separated from your resume. Sincerely, (signature) Your Name Enclosure(s) (If you send resume or other materials.) Student Name 123 Riverside Drive Philadelphia, PA 19103 [emailprotected] Date Ms. Recruit Mint Best Company 123 Recruiting Lane New York, NY 10027 Dear Ms. Mint: As a first year student at the Wharton School, I would like to be considered for your product development summer internship program. After attending your on campus presentation in October, I became very excited about the exciting career opportunities and dynamic culture at Best Company. I was particularly impressed with Best Company’s ability to maintain a small company culture while offering the resources and professional development opportunities of a large conglomerate. Additionally, my conversations with Joe Smith and Susie Queue served only to strengthen my belief that Best Company would be the ideal place for me to leverage my strong analytical and marketing abilities to make a substantial impact in the consumer goods industry. I believe my strong finance and marketing background, along with my prior consumer goods experience will enable me to be an effective part of Best Company’s team. Prior to Wharton, I worked in the consumer goods industry for 5 years,  handling export sales and marketing products for a leading beverage firm. As the leader of a 15 person cross functional team tasked with launching the company’s first new product in 5 years, I learned a great deal about the importance of creating buy in at all levels of the organization and understanding consumers’ needs and preferences. Despite aggressive deadlines and budget constraints, I led the team to successfully launch a $10 million new product which continues to be one of the top 3 selling beverages in its segment. In addition, during my MBA training, I have focused on developing my strategic analysis and financial planning competencies, two areas which I know are critical success factors for product managers in Best Company. These skills, along with my prior work experience and passion for new product development, will enable me to significantly contribute to your business. I would welcome the opportunity to interview with your company when you are on campus on February 4. Please find my resume attached. I look forward to meeting with you soon and want to thank you in advance for your time and consideration. Sincerely, Wharton Student Enclosure: Resume Student Name 123 Uris Street, Apt 3 New York, NY, 10025 Date Ms. Recruit Mint Recruiting Coordinator Unilever 123 Any Street Anytown, State, 12345 Dear Ms. Mint: I am a first-year student at the Wharton School of Business planning on  pursuing a career in brand management. While attending your company’s presentation on October 4, I was particularly impressed with the entrepreneurial mindset of Unilever brand managers and their emphasis on both the qualitative side of marketing, creativity, and the quantitative side, market research. I believe that my background in consulting and strategic planning, combined with my exposure to marketing and consumer insight would be a strong fit for Unilever. Therefore, I am writing to request an interview for the Brand Management Summer Intern position in the Home and Personal Care business. Prior to attending Wharton, I acquired a diverse set of marketing, analytical and project management skills. My experience working directly for the Vice President of Market Research and Consumer Insight at Seagram’s Spirits and Wine on an ethnic marketing strategy will enable me to immediately grasp consumer marketing and demographic issues facing your products. My role as Manager in Strategic Planning for Seagram’s gave me the opportunity to interact with senior management, to work with marketing directors in foreign affiliates and to gain marketing experience with a global perspective. Specifically, I led cross-functional teams in Costa Rica, Venezuela and Mexico to refine marketing strategies for presentation to senior management. In addition, I managed several external agencies in public relations, advertising and events planning for a Captain Morgan awareness campaign which resulted in a 20% increase in brand awareness. I believe that my exposure to senior management and to the tactical side of marketing, combined with the skills I gained as a management consultant – analytical thinking, team leadership and client relationship management- will allow me to make an immediate impact at Unilever. I believe I possess the essential marketing and management skills to be a successful brand manager at Unilever and would appreciate the opportunity to interview on your closed list on February 8. Thank you for your consideration and I look forward to speaking with you soon. Regards, Student Name Enclosure: Resume Student Name 123 Arch Street Philadelphia, PA, 19111 Date Ms. Jane Doe Senior Recruiter Bank 123 456 Wall Street New York, NY 11111 Dear Ms. Doe: As a second year MBA student at The Wharton School of Business, I would like to be considered for your XXX position. Through discussions with current employees, including Victor Jones from your XYZ group, I am convinced that Goldman Sachs offers the best platform for a successful career. I have long been interested in the various financial innovations employing fixed income securities. This passion, combined with my strong banking experience this past summer and my very strong analytical and quantitative abilities, makes me a strong fit for your fixed income group. Over the past summer, I worked as a summer associate at Bank ABC in both equity research and corporate finance. I learned a tremendous amount about the operation of securities business and how to communicate and market one’s idea; however, it also made me realize fixed income securities and derivatives are a better fit with my quantitative and analytical approach than equities. Before business school I was trained and worked as a scientist in genetic research, during which I led teams in successful completion of two projects and further developed my communication and leadership skills. I would very much appreciate the opportunity to interview with your company when you are on campus on February 4th. I look forward to hearing from you. If you have any additional questions, I can be contacted at 215-XXX-XXXX or [emailprotected] Thank you for your time and consideration. Sincerely, John M. Carter 123 Arch Street Philadelphia, PA, 19111 XXX-XXX-XXXX [emailprotected] Date Ms. Jane Doe Senior Recruiter Bank 123 456 Wall Street New York, NY 11111 Dear Ms. Doe, I just graduated from The Wharton School of Business and am extremely interested in pursuing a full time position in Sales and Trading with your firm. I am a highly motivated and outgoing individual, as evidenced by my previous work experience in the investment banking industry, and I am convinced that an opportunity in Sales and Trading would allow me to combine these traits with my analytical, computer and quantitative problem solving skills. Spending the summer rotating through the trading floor at Bear Stearns allowed me to realize that a trading environment with excitement, challenges and learning opportunities is where I need to be. While an analyst for Electronic Data Systems, I worked with Credit Suisse First Boston and Deutsche Bank traders and their systems. Prior to that, at Donaldson, Lufkin Jenrette I worked for the debt-trading desk, capital markets group and investment banking group. Through these positions, I gained substantial knowledge of the securities industry and experience in project management and business development. In addition, the demanding time constraints taught me to work well within a team. In addition, prior to starting at Wharton, I spent four months trading full time for my personal account. With these experiences, I feel that I have  substantial exposure to the markets and their trends and will continue to learn how to use them to my advantage. I have the educational background, academic achievement, practical experience, and passion to be an outstanding member of your team. I hope that you will find me well qualified for this position and I would like to reiterate my strong interest to discuss this opportunity and my qualifications with you further. I will contact you early next week to discuss a mutually convenient time for us to talk and look forward to meeting you soon. Thank you for your time and consideration; I hope to hear from you soon. Sincerely, Your Name goes here Student Name 1111 Ben Franklin Street Philadelphia, PA 19XXX XXX-XXX-XXXX [emailprotected] Date Ms. Tina Brown Assistant Vice President Bank XYZ 999 Wall Street 12th Floor New York, NY 11111 Dear Ms. Brown: As a second year MBA student at Wharton School of Business, I am writing to express my interest in the full-time associate position at Bank XYZ in the London office. I am impressed with the opportunities the firm gives its employees to work in diverse teams and to advise clients on cross-border strategic decisions. Over the summer I served as a Summer Associate in the Real Estate Industry Group of JP Morgan’s corporate finance division. On the third week of my internship I was assigned to work on a French acquisition for a major client and was thrust into a field in which I had no prior experience. My rapid  understanding of this new area and my solid transaction management, people management and strong analytical skills enabled me to make valuable contributions to the project. The subject matter was fascinating and convinced me to further develop my real estate expertise by attending relevant classes, such as Real Estate Finance and Real Estate Transactions. I am interested in building on my summer experience and building a career in investment banking, particularly in the real estate field. Should you require additional information, please contact me by phone or via e-mail. I look forward to meeting with you when you are interviewing on campus in October. Thank you for your time and consideration. Sincerely, XXXXXXXXX Enclosure Student Name 123 West 21st Street Philadelphia, PA 19XXX Date Ms. Jane Johnson Strategic Planning Company ABC 101 JFK Parkway 5th Floor Any city, PA 19XXX Dear Ms. Johnson: I would like to express my interest in the XXX internship position with the Company ABC’s Strategic Planning Group. I have followed closely the movement of your company, and I have been very impressed. I believe that Company ABC has done a fantastic job leveraging its unique brand and assets into a relationship with the consumer that generates multiple streams of revenue from a single customer, and that it has done extremely well in creating new and profitable business segments for the company. Much of that success I attribute to the Strategic Planning  Group, and I would be very excited to use my skills in the development of the next set of strategies that will further strengthen that bond with the customer and that will produce consistent and profitable growth over the coming years. Prior to Wharton, I honed my team leadership, strategy development, and analysis skills while working at XXX Bank. I managed a project to boost net profits by $70 million per year by identifying dissatisfied customers and designing solutions to address their concerns. To succeed my team conducted focus groups to understand the reasons for card member complaints, brainstormed on programs to address these issues, created detailed cost-benefit analyses of proposed solutions, and ultimately coordinated the various groups necessary to implement our recommendations. The project required a comprehensive strategic vision, tremendous attention to detail, strong analytical skills, the ability to clearly communicate ideas, and the ability to mobilize groups with different agendas towards a common objective. I believe these skills would allow me to contribute to Company ABC by developing, analyzing, and implementing the next generation of business strategies. With my penchant for producing tangible results and my enthusiasm for tackling tough issues, I am confident that I can make significant contributions to Company ABC. I hope that you find my background and experience a good fit for your company, and I ask that you include me in your upcoming full-time interview schedule. I look forward to hearing from you. Thank you for your time and consideration. Best regards, Student Name Steve Stevenson 222 Western Street, Apartment A Philadelphia, PA 19995 [emailprotected] 215-999-9999 mobile Date Mr. Jeff Jefferson Associate, Investment Banking ABC Bank 123 Wall Street. New York, NY 10004 Dear Mr. Jefferson: I am a first year MBA student at Wharton and am interested in interviewing with ABC Bank for a summer associate position in investment banking. After conducting informational interviews with Eric Erikson, Daniel Danielson, and David Davidson, I am very interested in becoming a part of the successful team at ABC Bank. Before attending business school, I worked for over four years in acquisitions at Company ABC, the nation’s largest health care REIT. My major accomplishments at Company ABC included: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Closing over 50 transactions totaling $425 million; Analyzing the acquisition of a $1.5 billion competing health care REIT; Preparing and presenting investment committee packages to the board of directors for transaction approvals; Leading multiple deal teams simultaneously on numerous transactions; and Ascending from analyst to assistant vice president through two promotions. I am confident that my skills and experience in the real estate industry will enable me to positively contribute to Company ABC. I appreciate your consideration for an on-campus interview with your firm in February. Should you require additional information please contact me at 215-999-9999. Thank you for your time and consideration. Sincerely, Steve Stevenson Steve Stevenson 222 Western Street, Apartment A Philadelphia, PA 19995 [emailprotected] 215-999-9999 mobile Date Mr. Jeff Jefferson Recruiter ABC Company 123 Main Street. New York, NY 10004 Dear Mr. Jefferson: I am a first-year MBA student at Wharton with a concentration in marketing and prior experience in market development. I recently read about the joint venture ABC Company is doing with XYZ Communications to expand its broadcast presence in the young adult market. I would be very excited to speak with you about how I could contribute to the success of this exciting new partnership. I believe my background and prior experience will enable me to be an effective part of ABC Company’s team. Prior to Wharton, I worked in the European consumer good industry for four years, handling export sales and marketing for a leading Italian beverage firm. My experience working with the primary European and North American markets gave me a range of essential skills, including insight into consumer purchasing behavior, distribution channels, and advertising and media planning. I successfully managed new product launches and campaigns throughout Europe, helping the company expand into new markets. During my MBA training, I focused on developing my strategic analysis and financial/investment planning competencies. I believe that these skills coupled with my passion for media would enable me to significantly contribute to your business. I would like the opportunity to discuss how my talents could be utilized at Company ABC. I will contact you during the week of February 18 to set up a mutually convenient time for us to talk. Thank you for your consideration and I look forward to speaking with you. Sincerely, Steve Stevenson David Green P.O. Box 5555 New York, NY 10010 215-XXX-XXXX Date Ms. Mary Davison Vice President Company XYZ 100 5th Avenue New York, NY 10101 Dear Ms. Davison: I am a first-year student at the Wharton School of Business pursuing a career in investment management and I am writing to express my interest in the XYZ position with Company XYZ. Your long-term investment perspective and multiple portfolio counselor system bring a richer perspective to your investments. In addition, your unique research portfolio allows your Research Analysts to directly contribute to your friends’ success. During four years in the management consulting industry, I concentrated on improving distribution and manufacturing activities in my clients’ supply chains. The projects I completed taught me the many factors that influence the performance of publicly traded companies and allowed me to hone my client relations skills. Both competencies would serve me well at Company XYZ. My current part-time equity research position at ABC Asset Management is also developing my equity analysis and valuation skill sets. The detailed  research I am performing is furthering my knowledge of how to best analyze a company’s future prospects. I am very interested in speaking with you about how I would contribute to the success of Company XYZ. I hope to have the opportunity to meet with you during you on campus interviews on February XX. Thank you for your consideration and I look forward to speaking with you. Sincerely, David Green Enclosure John Talksalot 155 East 45th Street New York, NY 10001 [emailprotected] 917-201-6716 Date Ms. Natalie Andrews Human Resources Associate Consumer Products Company ABC 555 Amsterdam Avenue Tarrytown, NY 10591 Dear Ms. Andrews: I am a first-year student at the Wharton School concentrating in marketing. I am writing to request an interview on March 3, 2003, for the Summer Associate Global Brand Management position. After attending your MBA Open House on October 21, 2003, and speaking with your colleagues, John Harvey and Jay Fisher, I believe Consumer Products Company ABC would be an excellent match for my future career in global brand management. My passion for the food sector stems from the early exposure I had by working in my family’s food business. I am also excited about contributing my four years of strategic planning and consumer insight to your company. As Manager of Strategic Planning at MasterCard, I led cross-functional teams that developed and implemented integrated marketing plans and successfully communicated our platinum card’s benefits to consumers with maximum impact  and efficiency. This role also afforded me the opportunity to interact with senior management from other divisions, work with marketing directors in foreign affiliates and gain marketing experience with a global perspective. I believe that my tactical success in expanding MasterCard’s brand name by targeting new consumer segments as well as my success in refining its core market strategies would enable me to make a fine contribution to your team. Thank you for your consideration, and I look forward to speaking with you soon. Best regards, Michael Talksalot Enclosure Jacob Jacobson 100 South 22nd Street Philadelphia, PA 19100 [emailprotected] Tel: (215) 999-9999 Date Ms. Karen Smith Campus Recruiting Manager ABC Consulting 150 Broadway New York, NY 10101 Dear Ms. Smith: I am a first year MBA student at the Wharton School writing to apply for a consulting position in your summer associate program. I am particularly interested in working in the Health Care practice of your New York office. After attending your company presentation and speaking with several consultants from your firm, including John Johnson of the Philadelphia office, I was excited by the opportunity to contribute to ABC Consulting’s innovative work in the health care field. Furthermore, I was impressed by the excellent structure of the summer program, and ABC Consulting’s strong reputation for focusing on both strategy and implementation. As a faculty  member at University of Pennsylvania Medical School, I led a number of basic science projects in diverse disease areas enjoying the opportunity to create and confirm hypothesis. (EXAMPLE) I also had the opportunity to gain managerial experience by collaborating closely with teams of biomedical researchers and ensuring the team thrived in environments of uncertainty. (EXAMPLE include sentence here about quant skills and an example of how you used them). My biomedical science training coupled with my strong leadership experiences and extensive quantitative skills will enable me to provide value to ABC Consulting and its clients. I look forward to speaking with you or your representative when you visit campus in February. In case you require additional information, please feel free to contact me at 215-XXX-XXXX. Thank you very much for your consideration Sincerely, Jacob Jacobson Ms. Susie Stephenson 1955 Sansom Street Philadelphia, PA 19101 Mr. John Johnson Company ABC Corporate Finance Date Dear Mr. Johnson: I am writing to apply for a position as a Summer Financial Associate with Company ABC. As a first-year MBA at the Wharton School, where I am majoring in finance and health care management, I have come to appreciate the unique opportunities provided by Company ABC. After attending your on-campus presentation, I am excited about the finance opportunities at Company ABC. I have been particularly impressed by Company ABC’s ability to maintain a  small-company culture while building a large conglomerate of consumer products, medical device and pharmaceutical companies. With over four years of experience in the biopharmaceutical industry, I have not only developed sophisticated analytical skills, but also the leadership capabilities necessary to address the growing financial and strategic concerns facing companies today. Most recently as a Financial Analyst at XYZ Pharmaceuticals, where I provided financial support for two therapeutic areas as well as business development activities, I mobilized my colleagues to offer a struggling business unit better financial support. I implemented more insightful ways to look at value options through financial analyses as well as provided deal support on several out-licensing and codevelopment opportunities. In addition, my previous work advising biopharmaceutical clients at ABC Consulting enabled me to fine-tune my communication skills. With my drive, skills, and experience, I am confident that I can make an immediate contribution towards the growth of Company ABC. I look forward to the opportunity to interview with you or your representative when you are on campus in February. Attached please find a copy of my resume. If you have any questions, I can be reached at XXX-XXX-XXXX. Thank you for your time and consideration. Sincerely, Susie Stephenson Date Mx. XXX XXX Company X Address City, State, Zip Dear XXXX, I am writing to apply for an XXX position with Company X’s ABC Division. After gaining additional perspective on ABC through my attendance at Company X’s information session and conversations with Benjamin Lim and David Kasper, I am convinced that ABC Division would be an ideal environment to  further my marketing career pursuits. I am impressed with Company X’s marketing training, cutting-edge drug research and ethics-driven culture. The pharmaceutical sales and marketing strategy insights I gained from health care consulting will enable me to make immediate and lasting contributions to ABC Division’s brand management teams. During my tenure at Consulting Firm Y, I assisted executives at Fortune 500 pharmaceutical companies in devising innovative, multi-channel sales and marketing strategies. By leveraging my creativity and analytical skills, I enabled my clients to differentiate themselves from their competition and enhance physician penetration and reach. My strong communication skills will also be valuable in crafting physician messaging and internally sharing information with my Company X teammates. This skill was recognized by upper management at Consulting Firm Y, as I was selected to lead firm-wide training on presentation crafting and storyboarding. Lastly, my initiative in developing a corporate knowledge sharing system at Consulting Firm Y reshaping ABC Pharmaceutical’s training and vendor qualification system, and serving on the Wharton MBA Curriculum Advisory Board demonstrate my leadership and involvement in continued enhancement of the environments where I have worked and studied. I look forward to the opportunity to interview and to continue to learn more about marketing career opportunities at Company X. Should you have any questions regarding my interests or qualifications, please do not hesitate to contact me via e-mail [emailprotected] or at XXX-XXX-XXXX. Sincerely, Student Name

Habitat for Humanity: I Helped Change a Life :: Community Service, Service Learning

When I first heard of the volunteer trip concept in Habitat for Humanity, my ears twitched, recognizing a genuine product, designed to bring about true changes, rather than making the affluent feel good they’ve done a thing to help solve the world’s problems. From day one, I knew my trip was in good hands. Weeks before my trip to Guatemala, e-mails began streaming to my inbox encouraging us to fund-raise, informing us about the project and raising expectations. I realized that there will be about 150 volunteers, and that the Habitat for Humanity office set a goal to build 10 homes in just 5 days. I received detailed itineraries and knew there was someone on the other end taking care of my food, lodging, safety and travel. When we arrived in Nebaj, the small town where the houses were to be built, we found our accommodations, received information packs and protective helmets, and met a large group of volunteers whose enthusiasm and jolliness was hard not to contract. Coming to the site Monday morning, I saw foundations already laid and trusses, timber, plaster, other construction materials and tools prepared. Toilets, and info area, meal tent and cleaning area neatly arranged to make our time on the site as efficient as possible. Truly, there was a lot of eyebrow-raising for me on the first day. With more than two hundred people on the site, all of which each were eager to lend a helping hand, this could have ended in a catastrophe were it not for immaculate organization of the site, work, and individual groups. I was not surprised that on Friday, 10 complete houses were dedicated to families of former orphans. During those five days, I learned how to nail, cut and glue insulation to the outer shell and coat it with plaster, build inside walls and add the final finishing layer on the house. I also observed how such low-cost houses come into existence.

Rome :: essays research papers

Chapter 7 Section Reviews SECTION 1 1. republic-form of government in which voters elect their leaders consul-chief executives who run the government and are also army commanders veto-refusal to approve and act or bill checks and balances-a principle to prevent any one part of government from becoming too powerful praetor-military commander and judge censor-determined how much tax people should pay tribune-could veto Senate bills and act as public officials dictator-had absolute power and served a 6 month term 2. Romulus-Founder of Rome, son of Mars Pontifex Maximus-The high priest, elected for life by a special assembly of 17 tribes 3. Tiber River-Connects Rome to the Mediterranean Rome-In the Center of what is presently Italy Rubicon River-Connects the Tiber to the Adriatic Sea 4. The Etruscans developed a written language from Greek characters. They were able to better their language system. 5. Rome was located in the Center of everything. It was an amazing location. They had access to all the neighboring countries. Although Rome would have been very subject to a navel attack if ships were built like today’s ships. 6. I would rather live under a democracy no matter how much we voted over. I like the feeling that we have say in everything that happens with my country. In the Roman government you didn’t have much say. Some people didn’t even have any say in the government at all. SECTION 2 1. indemnity-money for damages latifundia-leasing land to anyone who could afford it equites-businesspeople of Rome crucifixion-the accused was tied to a cross and left to die a slow agonizing death from suffocation 2. publican-contracted with censors to agree to collect the taxes and pay a fixed amout to the Roman treasury Spartacus-was crucified along with 6,000 of his followers 3. Carthage-on the Mediterranean Southwest of Sicily Sicily-an island South of Rome but North of Africa Zama-Southwest of Carthage, home of a battle 4. a)They were fighting over land and the control of all trade. Rome feared the Carthaginian navy would close the Adriatic Sea and the narrow Strait of Messina. b)Carthage was no longer a threat to Rome 5. a)It was forced to expend to meet the needs of the new territories. Proconsuls were appointed by the Senate and backed by a Roman army to lead the provinces. b)The farmer would served in the Punic War came back to a farm in ruins. Many of the farmers moved to the cities. The role of a citizen-farmer was no longer needed. SECTION 3 1. Marius-a military hero who signed citizens to his legions whether they had land or not and ended up falling to Sulla Sulla-defeated Marius and ruled as military dictator until 79B.

Business Economic †Macroeconomic Essay

Question 10: a) Which of the following are final goods and services and which are intermediate goods and services? Please explain why in your answer. i) A windscreen purchased by a motor vehicle spare parts supplier; Intermediate goods – by national accounts (GDP) windscreen primary production value has already been accounted. It is being resold at a deflated value as second hand goods. ii) A new bulldozer to be used by a construction company; Final goods – when a construction company buys and uses a new bulldozer becomes intermediate goods when it is used in the production of their products services in subsequent periods. iii) A household cleaning service purchased by a family from a domestic cleaning service company; Final good – the resale value of the business contain value added. But it is not previously included in the national accounts. iv) Coking coal Intermediate goods – as an ingredient it used into the production of other goods. As iron and steel, steam. Except being sold by exporting. b) An economy produces final goods and services with a market value of $800 billion in a given year, but only $750 billion worth of goods and services is sold to domestic or foreign buyers. Is this nation’s GDP $800 billion or $750 billion? Explain your answer. $800 billion is the nation’s GDP for the year. Because GDP includes the market value of final goods and services produced, despite the consequences of whether these products are sold. The unsold products are added to firm’s inventories and included in gross national and domestic investment. c) Explain why a new truck sold for use by a transport company is a final good, even though it is a fixed investment (capital) used to produce other goods. Should the value of this truck then be added to GDP or should only the goods it transports be included in GDP? ANS A new product and produced for the ultimate user is the final goods so the new tuck is a final goods, the transport company and therefore it should be added to GDP. By the ‘expenditure approach’. When a firm buys and uses the new truck, it subsequently becomes an intermediate good into the production of other products in subsequent periods. Question 14: a) The consumer price index (i.e. CPI) is the most commonly used measure of changes in the general level of prices in Australia. Discuss some of the advantages and disadvantages of using this measure. ANS: It is approved that there are no strong advantages in using this measure. There are three main criticism of this measure and they are: 1. Typical average basket for several age and income groups within the population may not reflect true consumer expenditure prototype. As, retired people buy a bundle of products that differs quite markedly form that of a typical family with fewer children related items. The CPI based inflation rate may undervalue the impact of inflation on older people if the cost of medical services is rising faster than other items of the CPI. Question 15: Which of the following would cause a growth in the money supply? Answer yes, no, or possibly. If your answer is ‘possibly’ then explain the circumstances under which the answer would be ‘yes’. ANS (a)The selling of government securities to banks; – NO because of money supply goes down. (b)A fall in interest rates; – POSSIBLY – If the fall in interest was in response to raise in money supply, then the interest rate fall has not caused money supply to rise. The reserve bank decided to reduce interest rates, it would have to increase money supply by market operations to ensure that the lower interest ratewas the equilibrium one. (c)An increase in government expenditure, financed by borrowing from the banking sector; – YES increasing money supply by the government outflow. (d)The purchase of government securities by the Central Bank from the banking sector; – YES – an increase in money supply purchase of government securities by the Central bank. (e)It is agreed by the Treasurer and the Governor of the Central Bank to reduce the target rate of inflation – NO – fall down money supply because this will result in reserve bank RAISING the cash rate and using market operations reducing the money supply to back it up. Question 16: ANS: (a)DVD recorders imported into the nation from Japan; – Imports of goods (() (b)Insurance cover purchased in the nation by overseas residents; – Exports of services (+) b) The nation gives overseas aid to a developing country; – Capital transfers sent overseas from the nation (–) (d)US car company sets up a factory in the nation; – Investment in the nation from overseas (+) (e)Some of the nation’s residents take a holiday in Bali; – Imports of services (() (f)Interest earned by the nation’s residents on overseas assets; – Other income inflows (+) (g)Running down the stock of foreign exchange in the Central Bank of the nation; – Drawing on reserves (+) (h)Migrants to the nation transferring property to the nation; – Capital transfers to the nation from overseas (+) (i)New deposits made in banks in the nation by overseas residents; – Short-term financial inflows (+) (j)The nation’s palm oil is sold in the United Kingdom – Exports of goods (+)

Free Essays on When Jesus Came The Corn Mothers Went Away

In 1519, Hernando Cortà ©z, a Spanish Conquistador and explorer sailed west from the already settled island of Cuba. He arrived on the coast of Mexico. He and his troops hiked for days until they reached a valley where they discovered the beautiful Aztec Empire. Cortà ©z and his men eventually conquered and destroyed the Aztec Empire, taking away all its riches. On the ruins of the empire Cortà ©z began a new city named Mexico. This city became the center of government for a new Spanish colony. The Spaniards’ next goal was to find another Mexico City - a "new" Mexico. They hoped to find another Indian Empire full of gold and precious stones like the Aztec Empire. In the late 1520’s, Alvar Nuà ±ez Cabeza de Vaca was shipwrecked off the coast of Texas. Knowing that Cortà ©z had established Mexico City, Cabeza de Vaca and his men marched south. Cabeza de Vaca had three other men with him, two Spaniards, and one black slave named Estevanico. The three men finally reached Mexico City and told of the places they had seen along the way. So much land north! They were sure they had just missed finding another large empire. Soon a journey north was organized. Estevanico and Fray Marcos de Niza, a priest, were the first to journey north. They took with them some Indian servants. After passing the Arizona desert Estevanico and Fray Marcos split up. Estevanico reached a place called Cibola and the Indian town called Hawikuh (an area in west New Mexico). "In May of 1539, as preparations were being made to call the Katsina to bring rain, the Zuni warriors of Hawikuh spotted a black Katsina approaching from the west. The Katsina was unlike any they had seen before". The people of Hawikuh thought Estevanico was a god. They showered him with gifts in hope of gaining his blessings. It was figured, by an elder, that Estevanico was not a god, but an enemy. He must have been one of the men whom they heard about years before. He was one... Free Essays on When Jesus Came The Corn Mothers Went Away Free Essays on When Jesus Came The Corn Mothers Went Away In 1519, Hernando Cortà ©z, a Spanish Conquistador and explorer sailed west from the already settled island of Cuba. He arrived on the coast of Mexico. He and his troops hiked for days until they reached a valley where they discovered the beautiful Aztec Empire. Cortà ©z and his men eventually conquered and destroyed the Aztec Empire, taking away all its riches. On the ruins of the empire Cortà ©z began a new city named Mexico. This city became the center of government for a new Spanish colony. The Spaniards’ next goal was to find another Mexico City - a "new" Mexico. They hoped to find another Indian Empire full of gold and precious stones like the Aztec Empire. In the late 1520’s, Alvar Nuà ±ez Cabeza de Vaca was shipwrecked off the coast of Texas. Knowing that Cortà ©z had established Mexico City, Cabeza de Vaca and his men marched south. Cabeza de Vaca had three other men with him, two Spaniards, and one black slave named Estevanico. The three men finally reached Mexico City and told of the places they had seen along the way. So much land north! They were sure they had just missed finding another large empire. Soon a journey north was organized. Estevanico and Fray Marcos de Niza, a priest, were the first to journey north. They took with them some Indian servants. After passing the Arizona desert Estevanico and Fray Marcos split up. Estevanico reached a place called Cibola and the Indian town called Hawikuh (an area in west New Mexico). "In May of 1539, as preparations were being made to call the Katsina to bring rain, the Zuni warriors of Hawikuh spotted a black Katsina approaching from the west. The Katsina was unlike any they had seen before". The people of Hawikuh thought Estevanico was a god. They showered him with gifts in hope of gaining his blessings. It was figured, by an elder, that Estevanico was not a god, but an enemy. He must have been one of the men whom they heard about years before. He was one...

A Glossary of Popular Computer Terms in German

A Glossary of Popular Computer Terms in German Traveling to Germany during the digital age means that you will not only need to know the German words to use in a restaurant or a hotel but the terminology associated with computers and technology. German Words Related to Computers Brush up on popular computer terms in German with this glossary. The words are in alphabetical order. A - C address book (email)   s Adressbuch answer, reply (n.)  e Antwort,  e-mail abbrev.  AW:  (RE:) at sign []   r Klammeraffe,  s At-Zeichen Although the German for (at) as part of an address should be bei (pron.  BYE), as in: XYX bei DEUTSCH.DE (xyzdeutsch.de), most German-speakers pronounce as et - mimicking English at. attachment (email) (n.)   r Anhang,  s Attachment back, previous (step, page)   zurà ¼ck bookmark  n.  Ã‚  s Bookmark,  s Lesezeichen browser   r Browser  (-),  r Web-Browser  (-) bug (in software, etc.)   r Bug  (-s),  e Wanze  (-n) cancel (an operation)  v.  Ã‚  (eine Aktion)  abbrechen caps lock   e Feststelltaste check ones email   die E-Mail abrufen compose (an email message)   (eine Mail)  schreiben computer   r Computer,  r Rechner connection   r Anschluss,  e Verbindung continue (to next step, page)   weiter  Ã‚  back, return (to)   zurà ¼ck copy  n.  Ã‚  e Kopie  (-n)  Ã‚  a copy   eine Kopie  (EYE-na KOH-PEE)copy  v.  Ã‚  kopieren cut (and paste)   ausschneiden  (und einfà ¼gen) D - J data   e Daten  (pl.) delete (v.)   là ¶schen,  entfernen download (n.)   r Download, (pl.)  die Downloads,  e ÃÅ"bertragung  (email) download (v.)   runterladen,  herunterladen,  downloaden,  Ãƒ ¼bertragen  (email) draft (email) (n.)   r Entwurf drag (to) (v.)   ziehen (auf) email/e-mail (n.)   e E-Mail  (eine E-Mail senden),  die/eine Mail,  e E-Post  Ã‚  email messages (n., pl.)   die Mails  (pl.)  Ã‚  new messages (n., pl.)   neue Mails  (pl.)  Ã‚  sort messages (v.)   die Mails sortieren  Ã‚  unread mail/messages (n., pl.)   ungelesene Mails  (pl.) Das E-Mail? Some Germans may tell you that email in German is  das  rather than  die.  But since the English word stands for  die E-Post  or  die E-Post-Nachricht, its difficult to justify  das. Dictionaries say its  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹die  (feminine). (Das Email  means enamel.) email/e-mail, send email (v.)   e-mailen,  mailen,  eine E-Mail senden email address (n.)   e E-Mail-Adresse email messages (n., pl.)   die Mails  (pl.),  die Benachrichtigungen  (pl.) emailbox, e-mailbox, mailbox (n.)   r Postkasten,  e Mailbox  Ã‚  in-box (n.)   r Eingang,  r Posteingang  Ã‚  out-box (n.)   r Ausgang,  r Postausgang enter (name, search term) (v.)   (Namen, Suchbegriff)  eingeben,  eintragen enter/return key   e Eingabetaste error   r Fehler  Ã‚   error message   e Fehlermeldung escape key   e Escapetaste folder, file folder   r Ordner,  s Verzeichnis folder (directory) list   e Ordnerliste,  e Verzeichnisliste hack (n.)   r Hack hyperlink, link   r Querverweis,  r Link,  r/s Hyperlink image   s Bild  (-er) in-box (email)   r Posteingang install (v.)   installieren instructions   e Anleitungen,  e Anweisungen  Ã‚  Follow the instructions on the screen.   Befolgen Sie die Anweisungen auf dem Bildschirm. insufficient memory   ungenà ¼gender Speicher,  nicht genà ¼g Speicher(kapazitt) Internet   s Internet ISP, Internet service provider   r Provider,  der ISP,  r Anbieter junk mail, spam   die Werbemails  (pl.) K - Q key (on keyboard)   e Taste keyboard   e Tastatur laptop (computer)   r Laptop,  s Notebook  (The German terms  r Schoßrechner  or  Tragrechner  are rarely used.) load (v.)   laden log in/on (v.)   einloggen  Ã‚  hes logging in  er loggt ein  Ã‚  she cant log in  sie kann nicht einloggen log out/off (v.)   ausloggen,  abmelden link (n.)   r Querverweis,  r/s Link link (to) (v.)   verweisen (auf)  accus.,  einen Link angeben link, combine, integrate   verknà ¼pfen mailbox   e Mailbox  (computers and email only) mailing  n.  Ã‚  s Mailing  (mass mailing or mail shot) mailing list   e Mailingliste mark (as read)  v.  Ã‚  (als gelesen)  markieren memory (RAM)   r Arbeitsspeicher,  r Speicher  Ã‚  amount of memory  e Speicherkapazitt  Ã‚  insufficient memory  ungenà ¼gender Speicher  Ã‚  not enough memory to load image  nicht genug Speicher, um Bild zu laden menu (computer)  s Menà ¼Ã‚  Ã‚  menu bar/strip  e Menà ¼zeile/e Menà ¼leiste message (email)   e Nachricht,  e Mail  (eine Mail)  Ã‚  email messages   die Mails  (pl.)  Ã‚  new messages   neue Mails  (pl.)  Ã‚  sort messages   die Mails sortieren  Ã‚  unread messages   ungelesene Mails  (pl.) message (notice)   e Meldung  (-en)  Ã‚  message window  s Meldungsfenster mouse (mice)   e Maus  (Muse)  Ã‚  mouse click   r Mausklick  Ã‚  mouse pad   e Mausmatte  Ã‚  right/left mouse button  rechte/linke Maustaste monitor  n.  Ã‚  r Monitor online  adj.  Ã‚  online,  angeschlossen,  verbunden open  v.  Ã‚  Ãƒ ¶ffnen  Ã‚   open in new window   in neuem Fenster à ¶ffnen operating system   s Betriebssystem  (Mac OS X, Windows XP, etc.) page(s)   e Seite  (-n)  Ã‚   page up/down (key)  Bild nach oben/unten  (e Taste) password   s Passwort,  s Kennwort  Ã‚   password protection   r Passwortschutz  Ã‚   password protected   passwortgeschà ¼tzt  Ã‚   password required   Passwort erforderlich paste (cut and paste)   einfà ¼gen  (ausschneiden und einfà ¼gen) post (v.)   eine Nachricht senden/eintragen  Ã‚   post a new message   neue Nachricht,  neuer Beitrag/Eintrag power (on/off) button   e Netztaste power cord   s Netzkabel press (key) (v.)   drà ¼cken auf previous - next   zurà ¼ck  -  weiter previous settings   vorherige Einstellungen  (pl.) printer   r Drucker print cartridge(s)   e Druckpatrone(n),  e Druckerpatrone(n),  e Druckkopfpatrone(n) program (n.)   s Programm R - Z restart (program)   neu starten return/enter key   e Eingabetaste screen (monitor)   r Bildschirm scroll (v.)   blttern search (v.)   suchen search engine   e Suchmaschinesearch form   e Suchmaske settings   die Einstellungen  (Pl.) shift key   e Umschalttaste shortcut  s Schnellverfahren,  r Shortcut  Ã‚  as a shortcut  im Schnellverfahren shut down, close (application)   beendenshut down (computer)   herunterfahren  (...und ausschalten)  Ã‚  the computer is shutting down  der Computer wird heruntergefahren  Ã‚  restart  neu starten space key   die Leertaste spam, junk mail (n.)   die Werbemails  (pl.) spell check (a document)   e Rechtschreibung  (eines Dokuments)  prà ¼fenspell-checker   e Rechtschreibhilfe,  r Rechtschreibprà ¼fer  (-) start (program) (v.)   starten  Ã‚  he starts the program  er startet das Programm  Ã‚  restart  neu starten subject (re:)   r Betreff  (Betr.),  s Thema  (topic) subject (topic)   s Thema submit (v.)   absenden,  senden,  einen Befehl absetzen  Ã‚  submit button  r Submit-Knopf,  r Sendeknopf system   s Systemsystem requirements   Systemvoraussetzungen  pl. tag  n.  Ã‚  s Tag  (HTML tag - not to be confused with  r Tag   day) text   r Text  Ã‚   text box   r Textkasten,  e Textbox  Ã‚   text field   s Textfeld  (-er) text message   r SMS  (see SMS for details) thread (in a forum)   r Faden tool   s Tool  (-s),  s Werkzeug  (-e)toolbar   e Toolbar  (-s),  e Toolleiste  (-n) transfer, download  v.  Ã‚  herunterladen  (email, files) transfer, move (to a folder)   verschieben trash  n.  Ã‚  r Papierkorb,  r Abfalleimer troubleshoot   Fehler beheben turn on, switch on   einschalten  Ã‚   Turn on your printer.   Schalten Sie den Drucker ein. underline  n.  (_)  r Unterstrich update  n.  Ã‚  e Aktualisierung  (-en),  e Änderung  (-en),  s Update  (-s)  Ã‚   last update (on)   letzte Änderung  (am) upgrade  n.  Ã‚  s Upgrade  (-s) user   r Anwender,  r Benutzer,  r Nutzer,  r User  Ã‚   user I.D.   s Nutzerkennzeichen  (-) virus   s/r Virus  (Viren)  Ã‚   Trojan horses, viruses, worms   Trojaner, Viren, Wà ¼rmervirus scanner   r Virenscanner  (-) Wi-Fi   s WLAN  (pron.  VAY-LAHN) - Wireless LAN (local area network)Note: In the U.S. and many other countries, Wi-Fi is used as a synonym for WLAN, although technically the term is a registered trademark related to the WECA (Wireless Ethernet Compatibility Alliance) organization that developed the Wi-Fi standard and the Wi-Fi logo. See the  Wi-Fi Alliance  site for more. worm (virus)   r Wurm  (Wà ¼rmer)  Ã‚   Trojan horses, viruses, worms   Trojaner, Viren, Wà ¼rmer

Concerning as an Adjective

Concerning as an Adjective Concerning as an Adjective Concerning as an Adjective By Maeve Maddox If hearing the word concerning used as an adjective to mean â€Å"causing anxiety† gives you a chalkboard moment, you may as well get used to it. The usage has yet to make its way into all the dictionaries, but it has hit the mainstream and it won’t be turned back. For about 200 years, concerning has been functioning quite happily as a preposition to mean any of the following: regarding relating to with reference to referring to with regard to as regards with respect to respecting dealing with on the subject of in connection with re apropos of Supporters of the adjectival use of concerning point to the definition in the OED: â€Å"that gives cause for anxiety or distress.† The one citation given for this usage is from Pamela (1740), the overwrought epistolary novel by Samuel Richardson. Pamela is a virtuous young maidservant resisting the overtures of her employer. Here is the passage in which concerning means â€Å"anxiety-producing.† The words not in quotations belong to Pamela’s narration: â€Å"Well,† said he, â€Å"if you won’t eat with me, drink at least with me.† I drank two glasses by his over-persuasions, and said, â€Å"I am really ashamed of myself.† â€Å"Why, indeed,† said he, â€Å"my dear girl, I am not a very dreadful enemy, I hope! I cannot bear any thing that is the least concerning to you.† Elsewhere, Richardson uses concerning conventionally, as a preposition: â€Å"Mrs. Jewkes has directions concerning you.† I hope, whatever be your honour’s intention concerning her, you will not be long about it. Have mercy on me, and hear me, concerning that wicked woman’s usage of me. To perform a Google Ngram search, I used the phrase â€Å"very concerning† to get an idea of the adjectival use of concerning. The phrase is effectively flat-lined in American English until 1972; it begins to take off in the late 1980s. My guess is that political writers and other media manipulators rediscovered adjectival concerning as a useful euphemism for words that might frighten voters or consumers. Compare: Increased juvenile drug use is disturbing. Increased juvenile drug use is concerning. The possibility of more terroristic attacks is a cause for concern. The possibility of terroristic attacks is concerning. The rise in global temperatures is troubling. The rise in global temperatures is concerning. It seems to me that concerning has the effect of distancing a perceived threat by making it seem to be a matter to be watched, but perhaps not one to get too excited about for the present. Whatever the reasons for the current popularity of concerning as an adjective to describe anything that causes concern, it has certainly caught on in American speech. If you find yourself looking for an alternative, here’s a list of possibilities: alarming bothersome disquieting distressing disturbing nerve-racking perturbing scary troubling unsettling upsetting worrisome worrying Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How to Format a US Business LetterFive Spelling Rules for "Silent Final E"How to Send Tactful Emails from a Technical Support Desk

Global Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Global Communication - Essay Example 2.1 Validation of Geert Hofstede’s broad classification is the main purpose of this report, and interviews were conducted to collect specific data that either supports or rejects his research work and to draw appropriate conclusions. 2.2 Two Indian and one American students have been selected for this project since their cultural background is significantly different from my native Kazakhstan as well as that which obtains in England, the place of my studies and where I am already exposed to the local culture. Further, India was under the influence of England for nearly two centuries and this opportunity will help to understand if it left a lasting influence on the culture of Indians. 2.4 Keeping in mind the four broad cultural classifications formulated by Geert Hofstede, the questions have been framed. These broad classifications are summed up as follows (Geert Hofstede, cyborlink, 2008): 2.4.3 Masculinity (MAS): High and low masculinity. Aggressive attitudes and high belief in one’s abilities characterise male behaviour in a society with high MAS, while females tend to believe more in destiny, religion and belief in the traditional wisdom. 2.4.4 Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI): High or low UAI, denoting the level of tolerance to unstructured situations, ambiguity and uncertainties. Low denotes higher tolerance for variety of opinions, less rule-oriented and greater risk taking appetite. 2.5 For each of the Hofstede dimensions as briefly noted above, three main questions have been framed and the three students were interviewed with the same set of questions in order to eliminate any bias on my part in conducting the research work. These questions are designed to draw out not only broad opinions but also individual preferences since culture is a common denominator of individual behaviours only. The PDI examines the individual in the broader

Importance of Smoke Alarms in Homes Research Paper

Importance of Smoke Alarms in Homes - Research Paper Example This paper will outline the significance of installing smoke alarms in homes as a means to secure them from risks of potential fires. A fire disaster is a dreaded situation, which can result from gas leaks, short-circuits or overheated appliances. Smoke alarms are very helpful in considerably reducing the chances of fire hazards in homes. However, there are many households that have neglected to install smoke alarms, despite their life-saving potential and low cost, or have been careless in maintaining the installed detectors. Like any other battery-operated device, smoke alarms also require regular maintenance to ensure that they are in good operating condition and have sufficient batteries at the time of a hazardous situation (UL 2011). Effective and reliable smoke alarms are easily available at reasonably low prices; whereas more advanced models can be linked to a security system that automatically notifies the fire department. According to a recent study by the US Fire Administra tion (USFA), the number of household fires has increased on a year-on-year basis by almost 2%, resulting in an overall loss of over 2,500 lives and 6.5 trillion dollars (USFA 2011). Another research, carried out by the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) has estimated that 96% of all households have a smoke alarm present, but only 70% of these are in working condition. However, from the 400,000 household fires that have been approximately reported, 72% of the deaths were caused by either an unmaintained or missing smoke alarm (NFPA 2011). Most of these fires also cause injuries, which may result in disfigurement and other mental effects (Miller et al. 1982). A working smoke alarm  doubles  the chances of survival from a fire (NFPA 2011). The majority of fire hazards take place at night, especially when people are asleep and may not detect the spreading smoke or fire. Smoke alarms keep that risk down by alerting everyone in the household when smoke is detected. It helps t he occupants find a safe passage out of their homes, before they become trapped in the fire. Most of the deaths that take place are usually due to suffocation from smoke or other gaseous substances, which are invisible to the human eye and can spread rapidly around the house. Hence, without smoke alarms, smoke is likely to go unnoticed, especially during the night, posing a great threat to the occupants of the house (DOS 2007). However, with a functioning smoke detector, the residents can easily discover and sense if there is smoke spreading in the house and save themselves and their loved ones from possible dangers. Smoke alarms do not prevent fires, but because they provide warnings of small fires, or smokes, that can be easily extinguished, they reduce the number of fires that become serious enough to cause injuries or burns, leading to fatalities. In a recent tragic incident, a family was using a space heater to heat their house. Their house did not have a smoke alarm installed. Unfortunately, the heater malfunctioned, causing a small local fire, which went unnoticed due to the absence of a smoke alarm. The fire spread rapidly, and in a couple of minutes, the fire had engulfed the house completely, trapping the whole family inside it. Sadly, by the time the fire department arrived at the scene, the family members were critically injured. They were immediately shifted to a hospital, where three children succumbed to their injuries and passed away. The parents are still recovering

Historical Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Historical Research - Essay Example Historical research can offer the business or management researchers a variety of means to achieve extensive knowledge to understand, solve or interpret a situation at hand. Knowledge of the underlying information to any matter enhances the levels of understanding whilst improving the ability to discern and decide on the right or wrong decisions in business management. Historical background information adds to the chances of easier understanding why for instance the reasons implying the general trends in the present (Mehran, 2010). Historical research in the business context Historical research is not a major topic in business and management. Additionally this field lacks supply of enough attention as an independent c research field. Historical research in management studies takes care of various issues requiring this form of research methodology to assist in comparisons with other research methodologies (Sullivan, 2010). Historical research is used in decision making and in evaluati ng  intercultural negotiation in business. ... It involves; formulation of a research question as the starting point (Ribeiro, 2011). There is no reason why historical research will not incorporate some features quantitative research. Conversely, the main emphasis is mostly interpretivistic. The question on review has to be defensible. The relevance check- a historical researcher ought to note that for his work to uphold relevance, it is important to check if the work at hand is track. Note; I. Whether there is prior evidence holding essential concerns on how present decisions are to be made and the means through which future current policies are to be instituted. II. Whether there exist suggestions that the business had encountered a related issue in the past, how they were met, and the outcome of the decisions drawn at that time. III. Whether there is a possibility that the matter at hand may be as a result of a cycle. Is there enough understanding of the matter and the cycle’s nature and how it would be of importance in solving the present situation? Next is the need to determine the scope the business management issue extends. This cannot be easily perceived by a novice researcher as it calls for deep consideration of the domain for examination. The domain for examination establishes the principle discipline that the historical research will require to consider (Stefanie, 2007). A research project of this kind often applies marketing and financial knowledge and concepts. An aspect cannot be understood independently from other related aspects in business management. This indicates that the researcher ought to understand the history of the matters he or she is comparing. This type of idea also deeply applies to business management studies. There is no chance of having an

Scrutinise the concept of secession, with comparative reference to at Essay

Scrutinise the concept of secession, with comparative reference to at least two countries - Essay Example (Premdas 1990:12-31) While occupying the intermediate condition as a protected autonomous entity within an extensively decentralized sovereign state, the movement tends to continue to articulate the desire for a separate an independent destiny with these two goals oscillating between moments of satisfied accommodation and periodic bursts of renewed determination for outright secession. In the end, the objective remains constant - exit completely. (Premdas 1990:12-31) Separatism may be conceived broadly as a quest for autonomous survival either within or without a state; secession strictly speaking is a variant of separatism in which the secessionists seek outright separation and independence in a sovereign state. The quest for self-determination by a community within a plural state is often caught up in upheaval. As an act of territorial and political assertion, a secessionist struggle is usually prolonged, punishing, and prohibitively costly. Furthermore, the logic of the self-determination principle in sanctioning the demand of each people for its own state, embedded doctrinally in the nature of the state as it has evolved, has been the source of territorial fragmentation accompanied with mass expulsions and genocide not merely with the claims of the Third World states after WWII but this has been the case since the French Revolution. There have been waves of self-determination drives ever since the inception of the nation-state as aunit of national and international social organization. With the fall of the multi-ethnic great empires run by the Turks, the Hapsburgs, and the Russians, the cultural fragments sought separate destinies in acts of self-determination. Practically the entire globe was under European imperial control where new states after the European model were engrafted willy nilly on ethnically diverse populations. In these territories, self-determination drives for freedom were enacted one

Proposal Assignment ( University Safety System ) Essay

Proposal Assignment ( University Safety System ) - Essay Example Even though keeping student and occupants of Texas Wesleyan University require the effort of the whole community in general, the university is an important piece of the undertaking to keep staff and the students safe. Safe institutions are purposeful and orderly places in which staff and students are free to teach and learn without the threat of psychological and physical harm. The safety systems in Texas Wesleyan University are weak thus Weak safety systems in this institution interfere with learning process. Strengthening safety system supports a proper learning environment that enables achievement of learning goals. Moreover, Weak safety systems reduce effective learning hours of every student. This has an impact on the grades and general life development. Improving safety systems will enhance their quality of education and life. It is therefore important to create a safety system for camps and the other utilities in Texas Wesleyan University Analysis of Texas Wesleyan University safety system shows certain safety loopholes that require an action plan. As Blake (2 May 2014) states through an interview, Texas Wesleyan University do not have a perimeter wall to enhance physical safety, no surveillance cameras within the older dormitories and the students do not use access cards at the gates and the classes to gain access. Other problems he stated are drunk driving and the few call boxes which are necessary to enhance emergency action system. Increasing student population increases demand for safety systems. Unsafe learning environments will affect learning process. Old technology cannot beat with faster changing demands and different student needs. People play a vital role in any safety program. This is because they provide guidelines with respect to safety policies, staffing, training and procedures. Texas Wesleyan University must come up with a clear safety policy. University safety policy is the

Scrutinise the concept of secession, with comparative reference to at Essay

Scrutinise the concept of secession, with comparative reference to at least two countries - Essay Example (Premdas 1990:12-31) While occupying the intermediate condition as a protected autonomous entity within an extensively decentralized sovereign state, the movement tends to continue to articulate the desire for a separate an independent destiny with these two goals oscillating between moments of satisfied accommodation and periodic bursts of renewed determination for outright secession. In the end, the objective remains constant - exit completely. (Premdas 1990:12-31) Separatism may be conceived broadly as a quest for autonomous survival either within or without a state; secession strictly speaking is a variant of separatism in which the secessionists seek outright separation and independence in a sovereign state. The quest for self-determination by a community within a plural state is often caught up in upheaval. As an act of territorial and political assertion, a secessionist struggle is usually prolonged, punishing, and prohibitively costly. Furthermore, the logic of the self-determination principle in sanctioning the demand of each people for its own state, embedded doctrinally in the nature of the state as it has evolved, has been the source of territorial fragmentation accompanied with mass expulsions and genocide not merely with the claims of the Third World states after WWII but this has been the case since the French Revolution. There have been waves of self-determination drives ever since the inception of the nation-state as aunit of national and international social organization. With the fall of the multi-ethnic great empires run by the Turks, the Hapsburgs, and the Russians, the cultural fragments sought separate destinies in acts of self-determination. Practically the entire globe was under European imperial control where new states after the European model were engrafted willy nilly on ethnically diverse populations. In these territories, self-determination drives for freedom were enacted one

My Cyber Identity-Blog Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

My Cyber Identity-Blog - Essay Example Edelson (2005) describes it in simple words as "just" a browser interface to web site publishing. Blogs are used by different sections of the society for different purposes. While the perceived benefits are many, so are the threats and risks to the society and its people. Mehan (2006) refers to the blogsphere world as colorful and varied as the animal world. There is an evolutionary struggle for supremacy amongst bloggers. A blog is ranked by the number of hits it receives and the number of outbound link that it has. Mehan clarifies that there are all levels of bloggers – ranging from those that have entered the world of bloggers and up to the founding fathers. To some blogging is merely a hobby but for many blogging can translate into very big business. There are some who blog almost everyday and they are able to attract advertisers or even product endorsement offers. There are different sites that offer tools to assist in meaningful blogging. For instance, Site Meter offers a free, basic hit count and link log in exchange for posting a logo-link to their website. And if this was not enough, there are software tools that boost the blog’s hit count. There is also an exchange program where people surf other blogs in exchange for others v isiting their blogs. It is now a part of the elite culture followed by the upper middle class – to read blogs. This is evident from the fact that many corporations have their own blogs. The marketing departments benefit too from such blogs. Rauchway (2007) reports in The New Republic that blogging have helped to marginalize scholarly Internet discourse. Blogging has helped a doctoral candidate Scott Eric Kaufman, to develop for himself a much higher profile. When he posted a chapter of his dissertation and sought advice, he received 66 commentaries from people of different disciplines. Blogging produces a truly better debate, opines another blogger but its practitioners do not

Swot Analysis Sandals Essay Example for Free

Swot Analysis Sandals Essay Sandals (Beaches) is a Caribbean Based Resort Hotel Chain, that was only recently established, but has proved to be highly successful, based on their innovative marketing concepts. This SWOT analysis is about Sandals. In Montego Bay, Jamaica, in 1981, Gordon Butch Stewart, took notice of an old hotel sitting on Jamaicas largest private white sand beach, bought it, fixed it up and opened the hotel doors for business. With no prior experience, the investor envisioned a marketing plan for the resort to cater to couples only. Sandals Montego Bay became the first all-inclusive vacation concept, and by year-end of 1988, Sandals refined and perfected concepts, such as, swim-up pool bars, royal treatment with private beaches, breakfast in bed, and beachfront gourmet meals. In 2004, the resort hit great heights with the creation of the companys ultimate all-inclusive butler service. With thriving expansions, Sandals currently holds locations in Jamaica, St. Lucia, Antigua, and the Bahamas, totaling 12 resorts. A long way from one, run down hotel on a private sandy beach! Today, the resort offers luxury package vacations, fine dining, night entertainment, scuba diving and water sports, golf and land sports, spas, and wedding packages. Sandals is committed to the resorts mission of .attaching a premium to human resources and being among the most environmentally responsible and community friendly groups in the hospitality industry (Sandals Resorts, 2007). Sandals resorts continue to penetrate the market with their couples only concept, and have expanded this concept with accommodations for families through other beach resorts, branded Beaches. Strengths They created the idea of a couples only resort by introducing the Sandals resort; they also opened Beaches, a family luxury resort; Royal Plantation, three exclusive luxury oriented resorts with butler service and private airplanes; and the Grand Pineapple, a value resort for families. All Sandals resorts are Green Globe Certified; it means that the staff is continually trained by local government run environmental organizations, they monitor and conserve all water use on property, they use times on all electrical equipment such as; Jacuzzi blowers, steam rooms at the Spa, outdoor lighting for walkways, refrigeration equipment in the kitchens, etc., recycling food, and office paper, reducing the use of all hazardous chemicals and Inviting local craft vendors to the hotel at least once per week to display and sell their craft items. Winner of thousands of awards, including: †¢Six time winner of the Gold Travel Life Award by Virgin Holidays. †¢Nine time winner of the Baxter Travel Media award for Favorite Resort. †¢2008 Thomas Cook Award for Best Hotel Chain, and Best Wedding and Honeymoon Hotel. †¢TripAdvisor awarded them the 2007 and 2008 Worlds Most Romantic All-Inclusive Resort. †¢Travel + Leisure Magazine awarded them one of the top 25 hotels in the Caribbean for 2002, 2006 and 2008. †¢Condà © Nast Magazine Readers Choice Poll awarded them one of the top 25 Caribbean Resorts for 2006, 2007; and the top 15 Caribbean Resorts and Spas for 2000, 2004 and 2005. †¢They have made the Condà © Nast Magazine Gold List every year from 2000-2007. †¢In 2007, they were given a World Savers Award by Condà © Nast Magazine for their Adopt-A-School program. †¢In 2006 they won second place in the Caribbean Travel and Life Magazine Readers Choice poll for Best All-Inclusive Resort. †¢In 2005 Modern Bride Magazine voted them the Favorite All-Inclusive Resort and in 2008 the Best All-Inclusive Resort chain. †¢American Express gave them the Caribbean Environmental Award for Green Hotel of the year, 2003, 2004, 2006 and 2007. †¢They earned the Travel Weekly Magellan Award for Overall Eco-Friendly Resort in 2008. †¢They were voted Travel Weekly America and UK Readers Choice for Best All-Inclusive Resort, six years in a row. †¢TravelAge Editors Pick Award for Best Caribbean Resort in 2006, 2007 and 2008. †¢World Travel Magazine award for Caribbeans Leading Resort Hotel Brand winner 14 years in a row; Best All-Inclusive Company winner 12 years in a row, Worlds Most Romantic Resort winner 11 years in a row. †¢2006 British Airways Best Independent Hotel Group. †¢2007 British Travel Awards for Best All-Inclusive Resort-13th year in a row-and the Consumer Favorite All-Inclusive Resort. †¢Porthole Cruise Magazine Editor-in-Chief Award for Best All-Inclusive Resort, 2005-2007. †¢Selling Long-Haul UK Travel Award for Best All-Inclusive Resort, and Best Hotel in the Caribbean in 2003. Sandals and Beaches resorts offer an innovative concept in their all-inclusive environments, contrived to give vacationers completely worry-free accommodations. Guests do not have to pay for food, activities, babysitting, or entertainment while at their resorts. This allows guests to relax and more effectively utilize their vacation time. They employ guest coordinators, trained to be experts in human relations, to make guests feel at home, coordinating the guest activities and making sure that everything works the way it should. They practice TQM throughout all levels of staff. In the couples only market (that they created) they cater to different markets by offering three different levels of suites: the basic all-inclusive suites, the crystal suites that have their own private pool and the millionaire suites that are separate villas with butler service. Weaknesses They need to communicate the resorts view on environmental issues. For instance, Sandals beach resort received a Green Globe Certification for commitment to natural resources, but they dont advertise or communicate it! In this economic downturn, Americans want to feel good about spending their money in socially responsible ways and the Green Globe Certification is highly prestigious. They spent a huge amount of capital setting up a new resort in Barbados, only to have it sit there, unoccupied. The government of Barbados does not allow their beaches to be blocked off with fences, and Sandals requires that their guests be kept separate from other people to prevent crime and interlopers. They have been at odds about this issue since 2001 and their fully completed resort there has yet to see its first guest. As with all tourist destinations, they are dependent on a healthy economy in countries whose citizens have more discretionary income to spend, and vacation regularly. The American trend toward staycations will cause their revenue to decrease. They need to better position themselves against competition, other luxury resorts, Breezes All-Inclusive Resorts and other popular destinations for honeymoons and families. Opportunities  Opening new resorts in Belize, or Hawaii, and some non beach areas such as Alaska and Colorado; they could also open resorts in other International settings such as China, Japan, Taiwan, France, Spain, Italy, Greece, Australia, Mexico and Brazil. Promote their resorts at all Bridal and Child/Baby Expos in major cities, in order to reach the largest numbers of their target market. They can make use of high definition, interactive sales pitches that will allow honeymooners and families to book their vacations on the spot. Attending the National Wedding Show in London every February. Creating a joint venture with Davids Bridal, creating a presence on all of the major wedding planning websites, Parents Magazine and on Nickelodeon. During the economic downturn, they need to play up the all-inclusive angle of their resorts: creating a marketing campaign that emphasizes the money saving aspects of their vacation destinations, and the fact that guests dont need to worry about extra expenses. July 2009 Sandals announced that they will partner up with Martha Stewart to Launch Martha Stewart Weddings Program in the Caribbean beginning in 2010. Guests will be able to book a Martha Stewart Wedding at any of the 12 Sandals Resorts or four Beaches Family Resorts. In addition, they will introduce Martha Stewart Crafts classes for adults at Sandals Resorts and craft camps for families at Beaches Resorts in 2010. The Futures Company (formerly Yankelovich), said that destination weddings are on the upswing with 31% of brides ages 21-30 planning to have a destination wedding; previous studies indicated that destination weddings represented 10% to 20% of all weddings. One threat that cannot be controlled is the weather. Hurricanes are bad for business all over the Caribbean; however, they can offer guarantees so their guests will feel more secure when booking a vacation. There are several ethical arenas that need to be understood when dealing with the tourism industry. If any of these becomes a problem or causes bad PR it can affect the company and eventually their profit margin. †¢Crime rates typically increase with the growth and urbanization of an area and growth of mass tourism is often accompanied by increased crime. The presence of a large number of tourists with a lot of money to spend, and often carrying valuables such as cameras and jewelry, increases the attraction for criminals and brings with it activities like robbery and drug dealing. †¢Tourism can also drive the development of gambling, which may cause negative changes in social behavior. †¢Many jobs in the tourism sector have working and employment conditions that leave much to be desired: long hours, unstable employment, low pay, little training and poor chances for qualification. In addition, recent developments in the travel and tourism trade (liberalization, competition, concentration, drop in travel fares, growth of subcontracting) and introduction of new technologies seem to reinforce the trend towards more precarious, flexible employment conditions. For many such jobs young children are recruited, as they are cheap and flexible employees. †¢The commercial sexual exploitation of children and young women has paralleled the growth of tourism in many parts of the world. Though tourism is not the cause of sexual exploitation, it provides easy access to it. Tourism also brings consumerism to many parts of the world previously denied access to luxury commodities and services. The lure of this easy money has caused many young people, including children, to trade their bodies in exchange for T-shirts, personal stereos, bikes and even air tickets out of the country.

Analysis of Cherry Flavour using GC-MS

Analysis of Cherry Flavour using GC-MS Tziamourani Athanasia Analysis of cherry flavour using GC-MS and development of a recombinate Cherry is one of the most important fruits globally and a non-climacteric stone fruit, mainly grown in temperate climate countries. The most important factors that contribute to the uniqueness of cherry include skin colour, sweetness (sugar content), sourness (organic acid content), fruit firmness, fruit weight and aroma. The compounds that contribute to the final aroma of cherry represent a very small portion, only 0.01% 0.001% of the fruit fresh weight, but have a substantial impact on its quality (Zhang et al., 2007; Vavoura et al., 2015). Aroma is one of the most valuable attributes of cherries which may affect the consumer acceptance of the fruit and is a result of a complex mixture of chemical compounds, such as esters, alcohols, aldehydes, organic acids, ketones, terpenes, etc. (Valero and Serrano, 2010). According to the literature, most of the studies examined cherry fruit have used various techniques for extraction and analysis of the compounds. These methods include stati c and dynamic head space analysis, supercritical CO2 extraction and solid-phase micro extraction (SPME) combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) (Bernalte et al., 1999; Malaman et al., 2011; Vavoura et al., 2015). Scientists used these have conclude that SPME with GC-MS is the simplest, most rapid and effective method to analyse fruit volatiles (Zhang et al., 2007; Li et al., 2008; Vavoura et al., 2015). This review will examine the existing researches on the compounds present in cherry fruit that contribute to its flavour and on the methods that applied to obtain them. Origin of cherry Cherry fruit belongs to the Rosaceae family, which also includes other fruits such as peaches, apricots and plums. Cherries are available in many species, but two of them are selected for human consumption, the sweet cherry which is a direct descendant of the wild cherry Prunus avium and the sour cherry Prunus cerasus. Those two species differ largely in taste and thus they are considered to be separate species (Wen et al., 2014). A ripe cherry fruit has bright shiny pale to deep red or purple colour with very thin peel, but there are some cultivars that produce yellow fruit. The colour, aroma, taste and health properties of cherries have made them very popular and greatly appreciated. Sweet cherries are cultivated mainly for fresh consumption because they are highly perishable and have short fruiting seasons. Although, they are processed into jam, juice and wine (Revell, 2008; Wen et al., 2014). Wild cherry is originated from Europe, Northwest Africa, Western Asia, from the British Isles south to Morocco and Tunisia and east to Southern Sweden, Poland, Ukraine, Caucasus and northern Iran (Revell, 2008). Cherry flavour Flavour is the sensation produced by a material taken in the mouth and perceived principally by the chemical senses of taste and smell. The sense of taste is detected by five basic tastes on the human tongue which are sweet, bitter, sour, salty and lately discovered umami taste (Taylor and Mottram, 1996). According to Fisher and Scott (1997), the resulting flavour of fruit are a blend of the sweetness due to sugars such as glucose, fructose and sucrose and the sourness of organic acids, such as citric and malic acids. However, it is the aroma of the different volatile components of fruits that allow us to distinguish among them. Flavour of each fruit is a complicated area, as every attribute is a result of specific interactions between various compounds present in fruit like sugars, phenolics, organic acids and more specialised flavour compounds including an extensive range of aroma volatiles (Tucker, 1993). The differences in the type and proportion of these compounds produced have an impact on the distinctive flavour and aroma of a particular fruit. The concentration of these constituents which included in cherries shows a fluctuation and this may be the source of flavour variations between the individual fruit and each cultivar (Bernalte et al., 1999). Flavour compounds present in cherries can be complex but the majority of them are relatively simple molecules which are volatile and contribute to the fruit’s odour and aroma. These two terms are usually misinterpreted and it is important to distinguish them in order to be fully understood. Odour is the smell of food before the consumption and is perceived orthonasally, whereas aroma is the smell of food during consumption in the mouth and is sensed retronasally (Revell, 2008). These compounds, as it was mentioned before, are analysed by SPME method coupled with GC-MS. Volatile Analysis Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis demands extraction of the aroma volatiles from cherries to create a sample suitable for injection to the instrument. The most widely applied techniques for the extraction of volatiles are solvent extraction and solid phase micro extraction (SPME). The dominant factor that determines the selection of the type of solvent is the polarity of the volatiles. Therefore, it is apparent that polar volatiles require a polar solvent like methanol, while non-polar volatiles require organic solvent like hexane. Especially, as Li et al. (2008) underlines, a non-polar solvent is suitable for the key volatiles of cherry flavour. Furthermore, a known or quantified internal standard is absolutely necessary to enable quantification of the other compounds, as the area of different peaks from various volatiles in the cherry sample will be compared with the peak area of the known internal standard. As a result of this, the polar compounds such as acids and sug ars end up in the water phase whereas the volatiles in the hexane layer. Centrifugation is crucial to separate the polar and non-polar compounds. After the application of centrifugation, the hexane layer which is formed in the top of the solution is removed and analysed GC-MS. GC-MS analysis uses only a small quantity (1ÃŽ ¼l) of the volatile sample which is injected into the instrument via a hot region which evaporate the liquid. The resulting gas including various volatiles is swept on the chromatographic column with the aid of a carrier gas (usually helium). The increasing temperature of the column provokes the compounds to leave the gum lining, where they are deposited initially, and enter the carrier gas flowing through the chromatographic column. The compounds with the lowest boiling point pass through the column first. This separates the aroma volatiles before they enter the ionisation and detection in the mass spectrometer (Revell, 2008). Volatile Compounds During the last decades, extensive research has been done on different cherry varieties from various countries in different periods of fruit development. A recent study found out a total of 18 compounds in cherry fruit classified into the groups: alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, hydrocarbons/terpenes and esters were identified and semi-quantified using 4-methyl-2-pentanone as the internal standard for the GC-MS analysis (Vavoura et al., 2015). Almost all these compounds have been previously identified in fresh sweet cherry fruit (Serradilla et al., 2012; Zhang et al., 2007; Bernalte et al., 1999; Mattheis et al., 1992; Girard and Kopp, 1998). Many studies have shown that carbonyl compounds, specifically aldehydes, ketones and esters, are some of the most significant compounds of sweet cherry fruit aroma (Girard and Kopp, 1998; Mattheis et al., 1992; Zhang et al., 2007; Bernalte et al., 1999). Matsui (2006) has identified that 2-hexenal and hexanal, which are carbonyl compounds, give green leafy notes in the fresh cherry fruit and for this reason are known as â€Å"green leaf volatiles† with low perception threshold. The results from Vavoura et al. (2015) showed that 2-propanone was the most abundant volatile compound identified in all four cherry cultivars that they examined; Lapins, Canada giant, Ferovia and Skeena followed by 2-hexenal and acetaldehyde. The carbonyl compounds that Vavoura et al. (2015) identified were linear and aromatic and the most abundant was 2-propanone followed by 2-hexenal and acetaldehyde. Moreover, Vavoura et al. (2015) found that carbonyl compounds showed the most abundant signals prese nt in sweet cherry aroma. In contrast with these results, Serradilla et al. (2012) found that alcohols are the most abundant compounds present in sweet cherry, which include linear, aromatic and branched compounds. The most abundant among them was (E)-2-hexen-1-ol and also the main alcohol found in Picato type and Sweetheart sweet cherries in Spain. Furthermore, along with (E)-2-hexen-1-ol, hexanal and 2-hexanal are important compounds which are related with green notes and fresh green odours associated with vegetables and fruits. Girard and Kopp (1998) have also underlined that these compounds are predominant flavour volatiles in cherries. The only alcohols that Vavoura et al. (2015) identified were 2-Hexen-1-ol and benzyl alcohol present in the Skeena cultivar and thus they are used as a marker to distinguish this cherry cultivar from the others. There are other minor components which contribute to the aroma profile of cherry cultivars such as esters (methyl-2-hydroxybenzoate), alkenes (2-methyl-1,3-butadiene) and terpenes (D-limonene) (Vavoura et al., 2015; Serradilla et al., 2012). Although, studies on strawberry and kiwifruit showed that esters compounds were the important aromas of the fruits because they have low perception threshold and high aroma value of these compounds (Perez et al., 1996; Li et al., 2002). According to Vavoura et al. (2015), the most representative compounds in the Skeena cultivar were C6 and aromatic compounds. Furthermore, in many studies the content of C6 compounds and aromatic ones are the most representative class of compounds (Mattheis et al., 1992; Zhang et al., 2007; Sun et al., 2010). Girard and Kopp (1998) studied 12 sweet cherry cultivars from the same orchard and identified 50 volatiles with the combination of two techniques dynamic headspace and gas chromatography, (E)-2-hexenol, benzaldehyde, hexanal and (E)-2-hexanal were predominant compounds which could be used to segregate commercial and new cherry selections into various subgroups. Similarly, Sun et al. (2010) conducted their study in order to determine the aroma-active compounds present in five sweet cherry cultivars from Yantai region in China. A total of 52 volatiles were identified, among these were hexanal, (E)-2-hexenal, 1-hexanol, (E)-2-hexen-1-ol, benzaldehyde, and benzyl alcohol. Also, they suggested that hexanal, (E)-2-hexenal, (Z)-3-hexenal, nonanal, benzaldehyde and geranylacetone are responsible for the green, orange, almond and floral notes of the cherry fruit (Sun et al., 2010). In a similar study, Zhang et al. (2007) using the same techniques identified 37 volatiles in sweet cherries in C hina. Especially, reported that hexanal, (E)-2-hexen-1-ol, (E)-2-hexenal, benzaldehyde, ethyl acetate and hexanoic acid ethyl ester were the characteristic aroma volatiles of sweet cherry fruit. Moreover, they examined the various developmental cherry periods and concluded that the optimal harvest time of sweet cherry was at the commercial stage (Zhang et al., 2007). According to Reineccius (2006), cherry flavour changes across its developmental stages as it cannot be identified in the primary stages of the fruit formation but grows during a brief ripening period. During this period, metabolism of the fruit changes to catabolism and hence the flavour development starts. This is obvious as carbohydrates, lipids and amino acids are enzymatically converted to simple sugars or acids and volatile compounds. All the previous studied had focused on the volatiles compounds which are in a free form but the aroma of cherries might also come from non-volatile glycosidically bound precursors. These aroma precursors have been extensively examined in a wide range of fruits such as blackberries, mangos, pineapples, strawberries, kiwifruit, oranges and grapes (Fan et al., 2009; Chyau et al., 2003; Garcia et al., 2011). As for the cherry, in a recent study, a total of 97 volatile compounds were reported. The groups of the chemicals compounds which were found, were alcohols, aldehydes, acids, esters, ketones, terpenes, norisoprenoids, furans, phenols and benzenes. The majority of these constituents have been previously identified, as it is mentioned before, in fresh sweet cherries. Of the 97 compounds, most of them were in a free form while 13 of them were glycosidically bound. In addition, 20 terpenoid compounds and 7 norisoprenoids were reported. One important thing that has to be taken into accou nt is that many of these compounds such as citronellol, nerol, geraniol, ÃŽ ³-geraniol, (E)-isogeraniol, (Z)-isogeraniol, 1,1,6-trimethyl-1,2-dihydronapthalene (TDN), (E)-1-(2,3,6-Trimethyl-phenyl)buta-1,3-diene (TPB) are identified for the first time in cherries. In contrast to the free volatiles, which were predominantly aldehydes and alcohols, the bound volatile profiles were slightly different. The most abundant compounds were benzyl alcohol, geraniol and 2-phenyl-1-ethanol, followed by 3-methylbutanoic acid and 3-methyl-2-buten-1-ol. In terms of sensory evaluation, the free volatile compounds illustrated a fresh green, citrusy and floral aroma while the bound volatiles were odourless in the fresh fruit (Wen et al., 2014). Conclusion To sum up, extensive research has been done on identification of volatile compounds in cherry fruit but the techniques that have been applied to obtain and identify the volatiles are limited. Therefore, our research is intended to examine different cherry varieties both commercially available and from farmers. The methods that will take place for the extraction of the volatiles from the cherries are liquid-liquid extraction, solvent-assissted flavour evaporation technique or most commonly known as SAFE method and headspace solid phase microextraction as in the previously mentioned studies. The results from these techniques will then be identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method (GC-MS) and gas chromatography-olfactometry analysis (GC-O). Then, a preliminary aroma reconstitution experiment will be conducted in order to be created a â€Å"juice† that resembles the organoleptic properties of original cherry juice after a quantification of the concentrations of the identified predominant aroma compounds. This experiment have been previously achieved in other fruits, such as strawberries but not in cherries (Prat et al., 2014). References Bernalte, D. M., Hernandez, M. T., Vidal-Aragon, M. C. Sabio, E. (1999). Physical, chemical, flavor and sensory characteristics of two sweet cherry varieties grown in Valle del Jerte (Spain). Journal of Food Quality, 22, 403-416. Chyau, C. C., Ko, P. T., Chang, C. H. Mau, J. L. (2003). Free and glycosidically bound aroma compounds in lychee. Food Chemistry, 80, 387-392. Fan, G., Qiao, Y., Yao, X., Mo, D., Wang, K. Pan, S. (2009). Free and bound volatile compounds in juice and peel of Jincheng oranges. European Food Research and Technology, 229, 571-578. Fisher, C. Scott, T. R. (1997). Food Flavours. Biology and Chemistry. Cambridge: The Royal Society of Chemistry Garcia, C. V., Quek, S. Y., Stevenson, R. J. Winz, R. A. (2011). Characterisation of the bound volatile extract from baby kiwi (Actinidia arguta). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 59, 8358-8365. Girard, B. Kopp, T. C. (1998). Physico-chemical characteristics of selected sweet cherry cultivars. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 46, 471-476. Li, H., Tu, Z. S., Wang, H. Liu, F. (2002). Analysis of aroma components of kiwifruit wine by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Chinese Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 21, 5-10. Li, X. L., Kang, L., Hu, J. J., Li, X. F. Shen, X. (2008). Aroma volatile compound analysis of SPME headspace and extract samples from crabapple fruit using GC-MS. Agricultural Science in China, 7, 1451-1457. Malaman, F. S., Moraes, L. A. B., West, C., Ferreira, J. Oliviera, A. L. (2011). Supercritical fluid extracts from the Brazilian cherry: Relationship between the extracted compounds and the characteristic flavour intensity of the fruit. Food Chemistry, 124, 85-92. Matsui, K. (2006). Green leaf volatiles: Hydroperoxide lyase pathway of oxylipin metabolism. Journal of Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 52, 1248-1254. Mattheis, J. P., Buchanan, D. A. Fellman, J. K. (1992). Volatile compounds emitted by sweet cherries (Prunus avium cv. Bing) during fruit development and ripening. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 40, 471-474. Perez, A. G., Sanz, C., Olias, R., Rios, J. J. Olias, J. M. (1996). Evolution of strawberry alcohol acyltransferase activity during fruit development and storage. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 44, 3286-3290. Prat, L., Espinoza, M. I., Agosin, E. Silva, H. (2014). Identification of volatile compounds associated with the aroma of white strawberries (Fragaria chiloensis). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 94, 752-759. Reineccius, G. (2006). Flavor formation in fruits and vegetables. Flavor Chemistry and Technology 2nd ed. USA: CRC Press. Revell, J. (2008). Sensory Profile and Consumer Acceptability of Sweet Cherries. University of Nottingham. Serradilla, M. J., Martin, A., Ruiz-Moyano, S., Hernandez, A., Lopez-Corrales, M. de Guia Cordoba, M. (2012). Physicochemical and sensorial characterization of four sweet cherry cultivars grown in Jerte Valley (Spain). Food Chemistry, 133, 1551-1559. Sun, S. Y., Jiang, W. G. Zhao, Y. P. (2010). Characterization of the aroma-active compounds in five sweet cherry cultivars grown in Yantai (China). Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 25, 206-213. Taylor, A. J. Mottram, D. S. (1996). Flavour Science. Cambridge: The Royal Society of Chemistry. Valero, D. Serrano, M. (2010). Postharvest Biology and Technology for Preserving Fruit Quality. USA: CRC Press. Vavoura, A. V., Badeka, A. V., Kontakos, S. Kontominas, M. G. (2015). Characterization of Four Popular Sweet Cherry Cultivars Grown in Greece by Volatile Compound and Physicochemical Data Analysis and Sensory Evaluation molecules, 20, 1922-1940. Wen, Y., He, F., Zhu, B., Lan, Y., Pan, Q., Li, C., Reeves, M. J. Wang, J. (2014). Free and glycosidically bound aroma compounds in cherry (Prunus avium L.). Food Chemistry, 152, 29-36. Zhang, X., Jiang, Y. M., Peng, F. T., He, N. B., Li, Y. J. Zhao, D. C. (2007). Changes of aroma components in Hongdeng sweet cherry during fruit development. Agricultural Science in China, 6, 1376-1382.