Analysis of the Effects of Modernism and Post-modernism on Management Practice Essay Example for Free

Analysis of the Effects of Modernism and Post-modernism on Management Practice Essay The concepts â€Å"modem† and â€Å"post-modern† have become common currency in intellectual debates regarding organizational theory. Within such debates, the postmodern is perceived as an epoch, a perspective, or an entirely new paradigm of thought (Callas 1999, p. 649). Such a conception of the aforementioned term stems from its rootedness in the conception of the modern. Chia (1995) notes that what distinguishes the postmodern from the modem is â€Å"a style of thinking which eschews the uncritical use of common organizational terms such as ‘organizations’, ‘individuals’, ‘environment’, ‘structure’, and ’culture’, etc† (p. These terms refer to the existence of social entities and attributes within a modernist conception of organizational cultures. The rationale behind this lies in the ontological conception of being which privileges thinking in terms of discrete phenomenal states, static attributes and sequential events. As opposed to such an ontological conception of reality, the postmodern stands as the champion of weak forms of ontology that â€Å"emphasize a transient, ephemeral and emergent reality† (Chia 1995, p. 579). If such is the case, it thereby follows that a postmodernist perspective of reality adheres to thought styles wherein reality is deemed to be continuously in flux and transformation and hence unrepresentable thereby impossible to situate within a static conception of reality. Within the sphere of organizational management, an adoption of a post-modernist perspective of reality thereby leads to a rethinking of the modern conceptions of organizations since adherence to postmodernist perspectives lead to the de-emphasis on organizations, organizational forms and organizational attributes. Such a conception of reality, however tends to emphasize the importance of local forms of organizational methods, which collectively define a social reality. In a sense, the shift from a modern to a postmodern conception of organizations thereby leads to the re-definition of existing ontological conceptions of reality that determine the various forms of intellectual priorities as well as theoretical stipulations in the study and conception of organizations. In lieu of this, this paper’s will provide a contextualization of the implications of such perspectives within organizational structures. The analysis of such will be determined through the analysis of the effects of such perspectives in relation to management practices. An example of the application of the postmodernist perspectives within the field of organizational theory is evident in the Foucauldian analysis of human resource systems. Edward Baratt (2003) notes that a Foucauldian conception of organizational structures has enabled the formation of â€Å"a conceptual architecture and a method for exploring and problematizing Human Resource Management† (p. 084). Baratt notes, a Foucauldian conception of organizations has enabled the formation of conditions wherein all members of an organization may engage in â€Å"the practice of critical truth telling† (p. 1085). The importance of such may be fully understood if one considers its effects in relation to the two dominant paradigms that dictate Human Resource Management discourse: managerialist and critical evaluative positions. Jacques (1999) notes, â€Å"Managerialist and critical evaluative positions in binary opposition to each other constitute the main sites from which we can speak academically about HRM† (p. 200). The distinction between the two positions are evident if one considers that in one line of argument has been an emphasis on the production of an enterprising subject dependent on practices designed to engage an employee’s psyche. The possibility of such lies in the formation of managerial practices that opt for the continuous subjectification of the subject [in this sense the employee]. Within such managerial practices, the subject is placed within various forms of practices of subjectification that leads to the development of different form of competencies that further lead to the continuous embeddedness of the subject within the organization. The difficulty within such a managerial method lies in its creation of a fabricated subject. The pragmatic aspect involved within such a method, however, may be traced to its ability to create productive subjects [productive employees]. As opposed to such a totalizing form of managerial methodologies, alternative arguments [of the postmodernist kind] emphasize the possibility of enabling the co-existence and interrelationships between human resource technologies of the self and other disciplinary practices specifically those situated within the grounds of technological and accounting controls (Baratt 2003, p. 1084). A popular theme of such methodologies gives emphasis on the intensification and sophistication of surveillance and control method [through technological and accounting measures]. Within these method, management methods are thereby perceived as enabling the formation that determine the relationships within the workplace by taking control of indeterminate relationships [amongst the members of the workplace] through the imposition of increase surveillance methods that â€Å"impose order on the inherently undecidables† conditions of the workplace. Such a methodology thereby adheres to a postmodernist conception of human relations and social reality as it opts to clarify the indeterminate variables within organizations through the use of â€Å"effective instruments for the formation and accumulation of knowledge-methods of observation, techniques of registration, procedures for investigation and research, apparatuses of control† (Foucault 1980, p. 102). Within such a scheme, the function of management systems [and hence of managers] lies in ensuring the maintenance of â€Å"the precarious local orchestration of material, technical and social relationships which give rise to relatively stabilized configurations† (Chia 1995, p. 601). The heads of the management of organizations, in this sense, are thereby tasked with ensuring the implementation as well as the continuous development of more efficient production practices within the surveillance scheme of management systems. Analytic evaluation schemes used in forming job evaluations will thereby be created so as to ensure the ordering of a population. Managerial positions, in this sense, may be seen as the roles that enable the implementation of the surveillance scheme that enables the continuous effectiveness of a human resource management system. In summary, the effects of the tenets of both modernism and postmodernism are evident within the workplace [or within organizational theories of management and hence management itself] as they influence the historical means of constructing the relations within the workplace. The modernist conception, which perceives reality as bound by static relations, failed to account for the indeterminate variables resulting from the complexity of power relations within the workplace. Such a complexity, however, was accounted for by a postmodernist perspective of organizations due to its recognition of the fluidity of social relations as a result of their embeddedness within the discourse of power and knowledge that define the conditions within any sphere [in this context the public sphere]. Within the field of Human Resource Management, the construction of knowledge operates through rules of classification, ordering, and distribution evident in the definitions of activities and the formation of rules of procedure, which determines a particular institution’s management discourse. The importance of postmodernist perspectives lies in its promise of the possibility of autonomy within such a predefined and hence rigid sphere. The possibility, in this sense, may be attained through enabling the co-existence and interrelationships between human resource technologies of the self and other disciplinary methods. In line with the postmodernist [specifically Foucauldian discourse], the postmodernist has thereby enabled the development of Human Resource Systems and hence Management systems that enable the formation of an understanding regarding the means in which various individuals may be formulated so as to create a system which allows the creation of objectivity amidst the grounds of subjective wills. Analysis of the Effects of Modernism and Post-modernism on Management Practice. (2017, Feb 06).

Public Spending Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Public Spending - Essay Example The public expenditure was raised in the 20th century due to the impact of the world wars. Before the World War I, the public expenditure was about 15% of the GDP. After the war it appeared to be about 25% of the GDP and maintained the level in the next few years. It did change during the starting phase of depression in the economic conditions (Chantrill, 2010). After the World War II, the public expenditure had increased and it was budgeted to consume 35% of the GDP and this level was retained till 1950s. The public expenditure was slowly raised in the year 1960 and it increased in early 1980s consuming about 45% of the GDP (Chantrill, 2010). Public expenditure rose by 0.7 percent of the GDP from 1999-2008. A decade ago, according to the OECD statistics, UK public spending was registered at 8.7 percent of the GDP below the Euro area average. By 2008, this figure had been registered at 1.3 percent below the Euro area average (IOD, 2008). There were lot of instability in the public expending regarding the defence system. The spending in defence expense was increased before the World War II. 3.5% of the GDP was used in defence spending in the year 1935 and reached to 15.9% in 1939. After the commencement of the World War II, the British Government started to assemble most of its resources for the war. The expenditure was over 40% of the GDP on the defence system for four years and it was raised to 46.37% of GDP in 1943 (Chantrill, 2010). The public expenditure in development of the state of education was expanded from 2% of GDP in 1990 to 6% of GDP in the second decade of 21st century. The spending in this sector has been increased to 3.37% of GDP in 1955. During the starting phase of 1956 the spending was increased rapidly and it accounted to 4% of GDP in 1960 and 6.5% of GDP in 1975 (Chantrill, 2010). There has been a decrease in the spending during the period of 1970 to 1980. In 1989 it reached to 4.25%

Social media text Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Social media text - Research Paper Example In Mulvey’s opinion, women are often seen as a symbol of castration and most films making involve manipulation of females to bring visual pleasure to the film watchers (Mulvey, 1990) Mulvey argues that the pleasure associated with cinema is directed towards gender relationships, which relates images and spectators. In cinemas, the male acts as the prime monitor as well as the one who bears the gaze. On the other hand, females are just presented as passive objects who are subjected to the male gauze and male pleasure. Therefore, cinemas project fantasy on female body through filming and editing done with the aim of making female characters objects of pleasure. Therefore, women are often presented â€Å"†¦.as erotic objects for the characters within the screen story, and as erotic object for the spectator within the auditorium†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Mulley, 1990, pp. 33). The editing enables the filmmakers to combine the gazes of the male characters and those of the spectators without breaking the authenticity of the film story. The idea of color is an idea that can be learnt and leads to use of certain details to classify people. Moreover, characterization of people in terms of color varies in different regions. A good example is blackness. Definition and characterization of people as black varies in different countries. Moreover, characterization of people as blacks is influenced by different factors that are learned and passes from generation to generation. Gordon argues that words as well as work by black abolitionists in the 19th Century have played a great role in constructing the identity of black people. The language used by abolitionists has played a great role in constructing the identity of black people. Moreover, the identity has been memorized and can thus be learned and altered in different moments in life (Gordon, 2006). According to Gordon (2006, pp. 36) â€Å"†¦an ideology operates like a god or a spirit who pervades a place or inhabits human

Management Information Systems :: Technology, Internet Banking, PDAs

MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS (MIS) The most common technology applied by MFIs is the management information system known as MIS. MIS is an integrated computer-based application used to access useful, timely and accurate information to allow the user to make appropriate decisions, and to manage information effectively and efficiently. MIS includes modules such as loans portfolio tracking, human resources, internal control, accounting, and financial analysis (CGAP, 2010). MIS is often one of the major factors that enable MFIs to achieve significant growth. Kashyap (2009) stressed that â€Å"It is difficult for an MFI to upscale significantly and maintain the accuracy and transparency of its loan portfolio without an MIS†.(PAGE?) PERSONAL DIGITAL ASSISTANTS (PDA) A personal digital assistant (PDA), also known as a palmtop computer, is a mobile device that functions as a personal information manager. MFIs employ PDAs to ease loan processing, improve loan officer efficiency, and increase data accuracy and access in the field. To get the maximum benefits from PDAs, MFIs should have a stable MIS, and high speed access to data from their branches (Waterfield, 2004). SMART CARDS Smart Cards are wallet-sized plastic cards have an embedded microchip that allows data storage, and works like an electronic passbook that allows MFI clients to carry all their related information on this microchip. Smart cards are used to manage savings accounts, disburse loans or make transfers (Whelan, 2004). Reliable electrical power for card readers, software integration between card readers and the central management information system, together with processes, policies, and staff resources for handling lost, stolen or damaged cards are required prior to the introduction of smart cards (Whelan, 2004). POINT OF SALE (POS) Point of sale (POS) is a device or system often linked to computers, bank card readers, or even mobile telephones, that is located at a physical location such as a retail outlet, in order to perform an electronic transfer from one account to another or from a customer to a retailer. Some MFIs have implemented this technology in order to increase the security of financial transactions, reduce transaction cost in order to serve clients, and to reach new areas without branch infrastructure (Owens, 2009) MOBILE PHONES Mobile banking is a way for clients to perform balance checks, account transactions, payments, etc. using a mobile phone. Mobile phones provide a new and rapidly developing technological alternative delivery channels to extend financial services to those excluded from formal financial systems. Mobile phones allow clients to call into an automated system to conduct business transactions, and to access and request information. Management Information Systems :: Technology, Internet Banking, PDAs MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS (MIS) The most common technology applied by MFIs is the management information system known as MIS. MIS is an integrated computer-based application used to access useful, timely and accurate information to allow the user to make appropriate decisions, and to manage information effectively and efficiently. MIS includes modules such as loans portfolio tracking, human resources, internal control, accounting, and financial analysis (CGAP, 2010). MIS is often one of the major factors that enable MFIs to achieve significant growth. Kashyap (2009) stressed that â€Å"It is difficult for an MFI to upscale significantly and maintain the accuracy and transparency of its loan portfolio without an MIS†.(PAGE?) PERSONAL DIGITAL ASSISTANTS (PDA) A personal digital assistant (PDA), also known as a palmtop computer, is a mobile device that functions as a personal information manager. MFIs employ PDAs to ease loan processing, improve loan officer efficiency, and increase data accuracy and access in the field. To get the maximum benefits from PDAs, MFIs should have a stable MIS, and high speed access to data from their branches (Waterfield, 2004). SMART CARDS Smart Cards are wallet-sized plastic cards have an embedded microchip that allows data storage, and works like an electronic passbook that allows MFI clients to carry all their related information on this microchip. Smart cards are used to manage savings accounts, disburse loans or make transfers (Whelan, 2004). Reliable electrical power for card readers, software integration between card readers and the central management information system, together with processes, policies, and staff resources for handling lost, stolen or damaged cards are required prior to the introduction of smart cards (Whelan, 2004). POINT OF SALE (POS) Point of sale (POS) is a device or system often linked to computers, bank card readers, or even mobile telephones, that is located at a physical location such as a retail outlet, in order to perform an electronic transfer from one account to another or from a customer to a retailer. Some MFIs have implemented this technology in order to increase the security of financial transactions, reduce transaction cost in order to serve clients, and to reach new areas without branch infrastructure (Owens, 2009) MOBILE PHONES Mobile banking is a way for clients to perform balance checks, account transactions, payments, etc. using a mobile phone. Mobile phones provide a new and rapidly developing technological alternative delivery channels to extend financial services to those excluded from formal financial systems. Mobile phones allow clients to call into an automated system to conduct business transactions, and to access and request information.

Frankenstein: Creating a Human

Timmy Harder Mr. Reynolds English February 20, 2010 Frankenstein vs. Modern Science When Frankenstein, by Mary Shelley, was written, it was seen as a novel warning scientists and people of the time of the dangers that could follow from exploring unknown scientific fields. In Frankenstein, the unknown field of study is the creation of a live human being. At the time, this was seen as an unthinkable and impossible task, but Victor completes it, although poorly. He began the experiment with little preparation and most of the procedures were done without care.His experiment was way before its time and most people were confused or scared by his creation. Even today creation of a human being is unheard of. However, today, one of the major issues that is being discussed is that of stem cell research. The scientists of Stem Cell Research and Victor Frankenstein share many aspects that could greatly inhibit their overall findings. Victor had many problems that could scare off modern scientifi c research but the two major fears are the side-effects that the creation may cause and scientist’ unpreparedness of their actions.The first problem with exploring a new scientific field is that not much is known about it including the procedure and just the knowledge of the subject. Victor began his initial research when he returned from England after visiting fellow scientists. He wanted to make his name famous, but he totally disregarded the necessities of the experiment. When he completed his creation, it was so hideous that he had to leave because he could not handle the ugliness. He planned to make a human like himself; instead he created a monster with yellowish skin and a height of eight feet.Needless to say, this creature was about as far away from a human as he could have gotten; it was more of a giant. When Victor first sees the monster he says, â€Å"The beauty of the dream vanished, and breathless horror and disgust filled my heart. † (pg. 38) Victor could not even force himself to look at the monster because it was too hideous. When Victor first began the experiment, he believed that he had the complete set of tools to perform the experiment but, in the end, he was not prepared enough.Today, Stem Cell research is in the same sort of mold that Victor’s experiment was in. Stem Cells were discovered in the late 1960s and real live experiments did not begin until the 1980s. At first, the experiments were performed on animals and many resulted in extra limbs and mutated body parts. The experiments were then tested on a set of twins, who were in dire need of a bone marrow transplant. The initial experiment went perfect, but afterwards their legs did not function properly, and they went in for another surgery.However, stem cells were researched for about 10 years until the first experiment was conducted, while Victor conducted his first experiment just four years after he completed medical school. The only problem was that both expe riments were conducted with total disregard of what could happen after the experiment, and in the case of the twins improperly functioning legs for life. Once the experiment or surgery was completed there are multiple side-effects that could follow each procedure. Side-effects are the things that may occur after the experiment that could damage the person for whom the experiment was completed, or the population.For example, Victor created the creature, and with the creature followed many problems that affected the creature itself, and many people in the city were bothered by the monster. The creature killed many people on accident, and the creature was affected by his ugliness and his lack of communication skills. He was unable to communicate with other people and he eventually became lonely. Although many of the creature’s side-effects were emotional and could have been avoided by the creature itself, the side-effects in total could have been prevented if Victor never create d the monster in the first place.However, many of the side-effects that follow stem cell transplant are only harmful to the person for whom they were transplanted. Several side-effects include no-stop bleeding, Anemia, and Infertility. None of these directly affect the population, although Infertility would prevent children from being born. However, the most devastating side-effect is a mutation of several body parts. One example was a kid growing an extra bladder because the environment prevented him from growing an extra kidney. Unfortunately, the man perished from cancer.Mary Shelley did as best as she could to warn the future scientists of the danger of engaging in an unknown field of science. Today, with stem cell research it is a relatively new topic that scientists are still researching. Many initial experiments have been performed, and when done correctly, can create scientific medicals. But stem cell research is still young, and with its relative newness, many experiments h ave gone wrong and have resulted in deaths and terrible side-effects. Citation: http://www. quackwatch. org/06ResearchProjects/stemcell. html

Can Corporate Governance Mechanism Prevent Corporate Fraud

CORPORATE GOVERNANCE ESSAY Can Corporate Governance Mechanism Prevent Corporate Fraud? Executive Summary This paper will reviews the extent to which corporate governance acts as efficient tool to protect investors against corporate fraud, thus contributing to summarize the literatures on role of corporate governance on preventing occurrence of corporate fraud. In a more recent study, corporate fraud is part of earnings manipulation done outside the law and standards. Whereas, the activities covered by the terms earnings management (such as income smoothing and big bath) and creative accounting (or window dressing) normally remain within the regulations. In this regard, corporate governance mechanism, particularly effective boards,†¦show more content†¦For instance, Enron that recorded as the seventh largest corporation by its market capitalization in US, averaging $90 per share and worth US$70 billion in 2000, was suddenly collapsed in late 2001. Morrison (2004) asserts that the cause of the collapse is the largest corporate fraud and audit failure. Then, it can be understood t hat the massive corporate fraud caused by fraudulent financial reporting have contributed to a very sharp decline in the US stock market. Many of these corporate scandals include such as action of account manipulation, earnings management, restatement and other failing to report the significant events to investing public. Then, what corporate fraud does really mean? One of the answers, corporate fraud is defined as an intentional or reckless conduct, whether by act or omission, that results in materially misleading financial statements (National Comission on Fraudulent Financial Reporting of the United States, 1987). Many prior studies (Persons, 2006; Bà ©dard, Chtourou amp; Courteau 2004; Uzun, Szewczyk amp; Varma, 2004; Abbott, Parker amp; Peters, 2000; Beasley, 1996) have found that corporate fraud generally involves the accounting irregularities notion, such as: * Manipulation, falsification or alteration of accounting records or supporting documents from which financial statements areShow MoreRelatedComparative Analysis Of Fair Value And Historical Cost Accounting On Reported Profit1659 Words   |  7 Pages true financial position of the company or business can be easily calculated by using the accounting methods that are more reliable and accurate. Therefore companies must use both historical and fairly value method to know the actual financial position of the company. However accounting methods are very much important in determining the profit and (BESSONG, 2012) finical position of the company if accounting methods are not accurate profit can be overstated or understated. 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Love. Loves Is A Four Letter Word With A Lot Of Significance.

Love. Loves is a four letter word with a lot of significance. Love is giving without expecting anything in return. Love is looking beyond all of all the flaws. Love is giving up your last piece of chocolate cake. Love is sacrificing everything for nothing. Love is unexplainable. It is something that is felt but not seen. Just like the wind, you can feel it but can’t see it. It’s the most basic and fundamental need of each living individual. Everyone wants to love and everyone wants to be loved. Everyone wants to be a part of love. Yet, it doesn’t simply begin from one day to another. Love is a necessity that starts with one-self, within each person. Self-love is very important not just for that individual but for everyone around. Love has†¦show more content†¦Self-respect is when â€Å"we like ourselves of who we are and not because of what we can or cannot do† (Langer). Humans were created differently and imperfect from each other. Not everyone is capable of doing everything, that is why everyone was created according to their capacities and their abilities. What one person can do another can’t, and that is what makes this world so amazing and unique. Everyone takes part in making this world work the way it does. Learning to respect everyone’s differentiations helps respect one-self’s as well, making it the key to happiness as Langer said in the article self-esteem vs. self-respect. â€Å"Self-respect, may hold the key to achieving the peace of mind we seek† (Langer). Its hard to accept things that can’t be changed but once self- respect is gained acceptance follows right through. Many lack in self-esteem but those who have it are the most loving and friendly people. Having self-esteem is not valuing oneself more than others instead it is to â€Å"evaluate something positively and hold it in high regard† (Langer). Self-respect and self-esteem work hand in hand. 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In my studies I have learned about constructive alignment, Kolb’s learningRead MoreMovie Analysis : Good Will Hunting1952 Words   |  8 Pagespronunciation of the letter â€Å"r†, or the lack of pronunciation. These South Boston natives use the sound [É‘] in place of the sound [É ¹]. Therefore, instead of saying â€Å"card† or â€Å"bar†, they say â€Å"cahd† and â€Å"bah†. The pronunciation of words is not the only aspect that makes the South Boston dialect significant. The prominent use of sure words, especially four letter curse words, set many of the characters the speak this nonstandard dialect apart from other in the film. These words seem to fill the sentencesRead MoreThe Downfall Of Julius Caesar1795 Words   |  8 Pagespleaded on his behalf giving way to Sulla recanting his word. Julia Caesar’s mother died and was put into the care of her paternal grandmother Aurelia Cotta. While eulogizing Julia’s maternal a ncestry, Julius Caesar said Julia â€Å"was a descendant of kings†. This increased Julia Caesar’s status in the eyes of the people and Julius Caesar himself. Julia Caesar was Julius Caesar’s only legitimate daughter therefore Caesar understood the significance of marrying her off. He knew that whomever she marriedRead MoreThe Transmogrification of Venus to Mary in the Works of Sandro Botticelli1989 Words   |  8 Pageswell as The Birth of Venus, Camilla and the Centaur, and Mars and Venus contain entirely mythological figures whose significances have been debated by various art historians for centuries. Born as Alessandro di Mariano di Vanni (Filpeppi was his real last name, but it is said to only really have been used by his brother Simone) in 1444 or 1445, Sandro Botticelli was the youngest of four siblings. The name Botticelli later was used after a nickname given to his brother meaning keg or barrel. At theRead MoreSummary of She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways11655 Words   |  47 Pagesinfused with abstract ideals of beauty, nature, love, longing and death. The poems were written during a short period while the poet lived in Germany. Although they individually deal with a variety of themes, as a series they focus on the poets longing for the company of his friend Coleridge, who had stayed in England, and on his increasing impatience with his sister Dorothy, who had travelled with him abroad. Wordsworth examines the poets unrequited love for the idealised character of Lucy, an English